22.9: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 69374
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  | The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acclimatization | process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to chronic exposure to high altitudes | ||||
| acute mountain sickness (AMS) | condition that occurs a result of acute exposure to high altitude due to a low partial pressure of oxygen | ||||
| ala | (plural = alae) small, flaring structure of a nostril that forms the lateral side of the nares | ||||
| alar cartilage | cartilage that supports the apex of the nose and helps shape the nares; it is connected to the septal cartilage and connective tissue of the alae | ||||
| alveolar dead space | air space within alveoli that are unable to participate in gas exchange | ||||
| alveolar duct | small tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole and is the point of attachment for alveoli | ||||
| alveolar macrophage | immune system cell of the alveolus that removes debris and pathogens | ||||
| alveolar pore | opening that allows airflow between neighboring alveoli | ||||
| alveolar sac | cluster of alveoli | ||||
| alveolus | small, grape-like sac that performs gas exchange in the lungs | ||||
| anatomical dead space | air space present in the airway that never reaches the alveoli and therefore never participates in gas exchange | ||||
| apex | tip of the external nose | ||||
| apneustic center | network of neurons within the pons that stimulate the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls the depth of inspiration | ||||
| atmospheric pressure | amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface | ||||
| Bohr effect | relationship between blood pH and oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin | ||||
| Boyle’s law | relationship between volume and pressure as described by the formula: P1V1 = P2V2 | ||||
| bridge | portion of the external nose that lies in the area of the nasal bones | ||||
| bronchial bud | structure in the developing embryo that forms when the laryngotracheal bud extends and branches to form two bulbous structures | ||||
| bronchial tree | collective name for the multiple branches of the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system | ||||
| bronchiole | branch of bronchi that are 1 mm or less in diameter and terminate at alveolar sacs | ||||
| bronchoconstriction | decrease in the size of the bronchiole due to relaxation of the muscular wall | ||||
| bronchodilation | increase in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall | ||||
| bronchus | tube connected to the trachea that branches into many subsidiaries and provides a passageway for air to enter and leave the lungs | ||||
| carbaminohemoglobin | bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide | ||||
| carbonic anhydrase (CA) | enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that causes carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid | ||||
| cardiac notch | indentation on the surface of the left lung that allows space for the heart | ||||
| central chemoreceptor | one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain that sense changes in hydrogen ion, oxygen, or carbon dioxide concentrations in the brain | ||||
| chloride shift | facilitated diffusion that exchanges bicarbonate (HCO3–) with chloride (Cl–) ions | ||||
| conducting zone | region of the respiratory system that includes the organs and structures that provide passageways for air and are not directly involved in gas exchange | ||||
| cricoid cartilage | portion of the larynx composed of a ring of cartilage with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region; attached to the esophagus | ||||
| Dalton’s law | statement of the principle that a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure, as if that specific gas type was not part of a mixture of gases | ||||
| dorsal respiratory group (DRG) | region of the medulla oblongata that stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to induce inspiration | ||||
| dorsum nasi | intermediate portion of the external nose that connects the bridge to the apex and is supported by the nasal bone | ||||
| epiglottis | leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is a portion of the larynx that swings to close the trachea during swallowing | ||||
| expiration | (also, exhalation) process that causes the air to leave the lungs | ||||
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation | ||||
| external nose | region of the nose that is easily visible to others | ||||
| external respiration | gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli | ||||
| fauces | portion of the posterior oral cavity that connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx | ||||
| fibroelastic membrane | specialized membrane that connects the ends of the C-shape cartilage in the trachea; contains smooth muscle fibers | ||||
| forced breathing | (also, hyperpnea) mode of breathing that occurs during exercise or by active thought that requires muscle contraction for both inspiration and expiration | ||||
| foregut | endoderm of the embryo towards the head region | ||||
| functional residual capacity (FRC) | sum of ERV and RV, which is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal expiration | ||||
| glottis | opening between the vocal folds through which air passes when producing speech | ||||
| Haldane effect | relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide | ||||
| Henry’s law | statement of the principle that the concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas | ||||
| hilum | concave structure on the mediastinal surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and a bronchus enter the lung | ||||
| hyperpnea | increased rate and depth of ventilation due to an increase in oxygen demand that does not significantly alter blood oxygen or carbon dioxide levels | ||||
| hyperventilation | increased ventilation rate that leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH | ||||
| inspiration | (also, inhalation) process that causes air to enter the lungs | ||||
| inspiratory capacity (IC) | sum of the TV and IRV, which is the amount of air that can maximally be inhaled past a tidal expiration | ||||
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | amount of air that enters the lungs due to deep inhalation past the tidal volume | ||||
| internal respiration | gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues | ||||
| intra-alveolar pressure | (intrapulmonary pressure) pressure of the air within the alveoli | ||||
| intrapleural pressure | pressure of the air within the pleural cavity | ||||
| laryngeal prominence | region where the two lamine of the thyroid cartilage join, forming a protrusion known as “Adam’s apple” | ||||
| laryngopharynx | portion of the pharynx bordered by the oropharynx superiorly and esophagus and trachea inferiorly; serves as a route for both air and food | ||||
| laryngotracheal | bud forms from the lung bud, has a tracheal end and bulbous bronchial buds at the distal end | ||||
| larynx | cartilaginous structure that produces the voice, prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea, and regulates the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs | ||||
| lingual tonsil | lymphoid tissue located at the base of the tongue | ||||
| lung | organ of the respiratory system that performs gas exchange | ||||
| lung bud | median dome that forms from the endoderm of the foregut | ||||
| meatus | one of three recesses (superior, middle, and inferior) in the nasal cavity attached to the conchae that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity | ||||
| naris | (plural = nares) opening of the nostrils | ||||
| nasal bone | bone of the skull that lies under the root and bridge of the nose and is connected to the frontal and maxillary bones | ||||
| nasal septum | wall composed of bone and cartilage that separates the left and right nasal cavities | ||||
| nasopharynx | portion of the pharynx flanked by the conchae and oropharynx that serves as an airway | ||||
| olfactory pit | invaginated ectodermal tissue in the anterior portion of the head region of an embryo that will form the nasal cavity | ||||
| oropharynx | portion of the pharynx flanked by the nasopharynx, oral cavity, and laryngopharynx that is a passageway for both air and food | ||||
| oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve | graph that describes the relationship of partial pressure to the binding and disassociation of oxygen to and from heme | ||||
| oxyhemoglobin | (Hb–O2) bound form of hemoglobin and oxygen | ||||
| palatine tonsil | one of the paired structures composed of lymphoid tissue located anterior to the uvula at the roof of isthmus of the fauces | ||||
| paranasal sinus | one of the cavities within the skull that is connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consists of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses | ||||
| parietal pleura | outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm | ||||
| partial pressure | force exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases | ||||
| peripheral chemoreceptor | one of the specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pH, carbon dioxide, or oxygen blood levels | ||||
| pharyngeal tonsil | structure composed of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx | ||||
| pharynx | region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea | ||||
| philtrum | concave surface of the face that connects the apex of the nose to the top lip | ||||
| pleural cavity | space between the visceral and parietal pleurae | ||||
| pleural fluid | substance that acts as a lubricant for the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura during the movement of breathing | ||||
| pneumotaxic center | network of neurons within the pons that inhibit the activity of the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls rate of breathing | ||||
| pulmonary artery | artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated, arterial blood to the alveoli | ||||
| pulmonary plexus | network of autonomic nervous system fibers found near the hilum of the lung | ||||
| pulmonary surfactant | substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli; made by type II alveolar cells | ||||
| pulmonary ventilation | exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere; breathing | ||||
| quiet breathing | (also, eupnea) mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual | ||||
| residual volume (RV) | amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation | ||||
| respiratory bronchiole | specific type of bronchiole that leads to alveolar sacs | ||||
| respiratory cycle | one sequence of inspiration and expiration | ||||
| respiratory epithelium | ciliated lining of much of the conducting zone that is specialized to remove debris and pathogens, and produce mucus | ||||
| respiratory membrane | alveolar and capillary wall together, which form an air-blood barrier that facilitates the simple diffusion of gases | ||||
| respiratory rate | total number of breaths taken each minute | ||||
| respiratory volume | varying amounts of air within the lung at a given time | ||||
| respiratory zone | includes structures of the respiratory system that are directly involved in gas exchange | ||||
| root | region of the external nose between the eyebrows | ||||
| thoracic wall compliance | ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure | ||||
| thyroid cartilage | largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx and consists of two lamine | ||||
| tidal volume (TV) | amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing | ||||
| total dead space | sum of the anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space | ||||
| total lung capacity (TLC) | total amount of air that can be held in the lungs; sum of TV, ERV, IRV, and RV | ||||
| total pressure | sum of all the partial pressures of a gaseous mixture | ||||
| trachea | tube composed of cartilaginous rings and supporting tissue that connects the lung bronchi and the larynx; provides a route for air to enter and exit the lung | ||||
| trachealis muscle | smooth muscle located in the fibroelastic membrane of the trachea | ||||
| transpulmonary pressure | pressure difference between the intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures | ||||
| true vocal cord | one of the pair of folded, white membranes that have a free inner edge that oscillates as air passes through to produce sound | ||||
| type I alveolar cell | squamous epithelial cells that are the major cell type in the alveolar wall; highly permeable to gases | ||||
| type II alveolar cell | cuboidal epithelial cells that are the minor cell type in the alveolar wall; secrete pulmonary surfactant | ||||
| ventilation | movement of air into and out of the lungs; consists of inspiration and expiration | ||||
| ventral respiratory group (VRG) | region of the medulla oblongata that stimulates the contraction of the accessory muscles involved in respiration to induce forced inspiration and expiration | ||||
| vestibular fold | part of the folded region of the glottis composed of mucous membrane; supports the epiglottis during swallowing | ||||
| visceral pleura | innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures | ||||
| vital capacity (VC) | sum of TV, ERV, and IRV, which is all the volumes that participate in gas exchange |