24.11: Review Questions
- Page ID
- 69404
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)A monosaccharide is formed from a polysaccharide in what kind of reaction?
- oxidation–reduction reaction
- anabolic reaction
- catabolic reaction
- biosynthetic reaction
If anabolic reactions exceed catabolic reactions, the result will be ________.
- weight loss
- weight gain
- metabolic rate change
- development of disease
When NAD becomes NADH, the coenzyme has been ________.
- reduced
- oxidized
- metabolized
- hydrolyzed
Anabolic reactions use energy by ________.
- turning ADP into ATP
- removing a phosphate group from ATP
- producing heat
- breaking down molecules into smaller parts
Glycolysis results in the production of two ________ molecules from a single molecule of glucose. In the absence of ________, the end product of glycolysis is ________.
- acetyl CoA, pyruvate, lactate
- ATP, carbon, pyruvate
- pyruvate, oxygen, lactate
- pyruvate, carbon, acetyl CoA
The Krebs cycle converts ________ through a cycle of reactions. In the process, ATP, ________, and ________ are produced.
- acetyl CoA; FAD, NAD
- acetyl CoA; FADH2; NADH
- pyruvate; NAD; FADH2
- pyruvate; oxygen; oxaloacetate
Which pathway produces the most ATP molecules?
- lactic acid fermentation
- the Krebs cycle
- the electron transport chain
- glycolysis
Aerobic cellular respiration results in the production of these two products.
- NADH and FADH2
- ATP and pyruvate
- ATP and glucose
- ATP and H2O
When NAD+ becomes NADH, the coenzyme has been ________.
- reduced
- oxidized
- metabolized
- hydrolyzed
Lipids in the diet can be ________.
- broken down into energy for the body
- stored as triglycerides for later use
- converted into acetyl CoA
- all of the above
The gallbladder provides ________ that aid(s) in transport of lipids across the intestinal membrane.
- lipases
- cholesterol
- proteins
- bile salts
Triglycerides are transported by chylomicrons because ________.
- they cannot move easily in the blood stream because they are fat based, while the blood is water based
- they are too small to move by themselves
- the chylomicrons contain enzymes they need for anabolism
- they cannot fit across the intestinal membrane
Which molecule produces the most ATP?
- carbohydrates
- FADH2
- triglycerides
- NADH
Which molecules can enter the Krebs cycle?
- chylomicrons
- acetyl CoA
- monoglycerides
- ketone bodies
Acetyl CoA can be converted to all of the following except ________.
- ketone bodies
- fatty acids
- polysaccharides
- triglycerides
Digestion of proteins begins in the ________ where ________ and ________ mix with food to break down protein into ________.
- stomach; amylase; HCl; amino acids
- mouth; pepsin; HCl; fatty acids
- stomach; lipase; HCl; amino acids
- stomach; pepsin; HCl; amino acids
Amino acids are needed to ________.
- build new proteins
- serve as fat stores
- supply energy for the cell
- create red blood cells
If an amino acid is not used to create new proteins, it can be ________.
- converted to acetyl CoA
- converted to glucose or ketones
- converted to nitrogen
- stored to be used later
During the absorptive state, glucose levels are ________, insulin levels are ________, and glucagon levels ________.
- high; low; stay the same
- low; low; stay the same
- high; high; are high
- high; high; are low
Starvation sets in after 3 to 4 days without food. Which hormones change in response to low glucose levels?
- glucagon and insulin
- ketones and glucagon
- insulin, glucose, and glucagon
- insulin and ketones
The postabsorptive state relies on stores of ________ in the ________.
- insulin; pancreas
- glucagon; pancreas
- glycogen; liver
- glucose; liver
The body’s temperature is controlled by the ________. This temperature is always kept between ________.
- pituitary; 36.5–37.5 °C
- hypothalamus; 97.7–99.5 °F
- hypothalamus; 36.5–37.5 °F
- pituitary; 97.7–99.5 °F
Fever increases the body temperature and can induce chills to help cool the temperature back down. What other mechanisms are in place to regulate the body temperature?
- shivering
- sweating
- erection of the hairs on the arms and legs
- all of the above
The heat you feel on your chair when you stand up was transferred from your skin via ________.
- conduction
- convection
- radiation
- evaporation
A crowded room warms up through the mechanism of ________.
- conduction
- convection
- radiation
- evaporation
A deficiency in vitamin A can result in ________.
- improper bone development
- scurvy
- improper eye development or sight
- all of the above
Rickets results in improper bone development in children that arises from the malabsorption of calcium and a deficiency in ________.
- vitamin D
- vitamin C
- vitamin B12
- niacin
Consuming which type of food will help the most with weight loss?
- fats
- vegetables
- lean meats
- fruits
Which of the following is stored in the body?
- thiamine
- phosphorous
- folic acid
- vitamin C