1.11: Surgery for Laryngocoeles (Laryngoceles)

OPEN ACCESS ATLAS OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD & NECK OPERATIVE SURGERY

Johan Fagan

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Laryngoceles/laryngoceles are dilatations of the saccule of the laryngeal ventricle. They are therefore supraglottic cysts, the walls of which are lined by ciliated pseudostratified cylindrical epithelium with variable numbers of goblet cells.

Internal laryngoceles are limited to the larynx and confined medially by the false vocal cord, and laterally by the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. (Figures 1-3).

Figures 1: Axial views of air-filled internal laryngocele, confined by the false cord medially and the thyroid lamina laterally

Figure 2: Internal laryngocele

Combined laryngoceles extend superiorly and laterally into the neck through the thyrohyoid membrane (between the hyoid bone and the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage) in close proximity to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery (Figures 4, 5, 6).

Figure 3: Internal laryngopyocele

Figures 4a, b: Axial and coronal views of combined laryngocele with wide communication with the larynx 1

Figures 5 a, b: Fluid-filled combined laryngocele

Laryngoceles are filled with air when they retain a communication with the laryngeal lumen (Figures 1, 4); when they become isolated from the laryngeal lumen, they become fluid-filled (Figures 3, 5) or infected (laryngopyocele) (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Laryngopyocele causing airway obstruction

Although not an uncommon incidental postmortem finding, laryngoceles are generally asymptomatic. Patients may present with voice change or a lateral swelling in the neck overlying the thyrohyoid membrane which may visibly distend when increasing intraluminal pressure e.g. glassblowers and trumpet or reed instrument players (Figures 7a, b).

Figure 7a, b: Visible laryngoceles

Patients, especially those with laryngopyoceles, may present with acute airway obstruction (Figures 6, 8). Occasionally a laryngocele may be the presenting symptom of laryngeal malignancy obstructing the saccule.

Figure 8: Large air-filled laryngocele obstructing the laryngeal vestibule 2

Surgical Anatomy

The saccule or appendix of the ventricle is present in most larynges. It arises anteriorly in the ventricle and extends superiorly through the paraglottic space with the ventricular fold (false cord) situated medially and the thyroid lamina laterally (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Saccule/ appendix of ventricle and course of laryngocele (yellow arrow)

The thyrohyoid membrane extends between the body and greater cornua of thehyoid bone, and the superior rim of the thyroid cartilage. It is pierced by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal branch of the thyroid artery (Figures 10, 11).

Figure 10: Superior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal artery and thyrohyoid membrane

Figure 11: Note how superior laryngeal nerve courses medial to internal carotid artery before piercing the thyrohyoid membrane (green)

The superior laryngeal nerve is at risk of injury when resecting a laryngocele due to its intimate relationship with the external component of the cyst. It arises from the ganglion nodosum of the vagus nerve, descends alongside the pharynx, passes behind the internal carotid artery, and divides into external and internal branches. The internal branch crosses the thyrohyoid membrane and pierces it, accompanied by the superior laryngeal artery, and provides sensory innervation to the larynx (Figure 11).

The superior laryngeal artery is encountered during surgery and can either be preserved or sacrificed. It is a branch of the superior thyroid artery (Figure 12).

Figure 12: The superior laryngeal artery branches off the superior thyroid artery

The muscles encountered during resection of the external component of a laryngocele are illustrated in Figure 13. The thyrohyoid muscle is draped over the cyst and may have to be divided; the omohyoid can be retracted anteriorly or divided; and the sternomastoid retracted posteriorly.

Imaging

The differential diagnosis of a combined laryngocele includes a branchial cyst, neck abscess, cold abscess (tuberculosis), lymphoadenopathy, and a laterally located thyroglossal duct cyst. An internal laryngocele can be confused with a carcinoma centered deep in the ventricle which bulges the ventricular fold upwards and medially, and other unusual non-ulcerating masses such as intralaryngeal plasmacytoma, lymphoma and minor salivary gland malignancy.

Figure 13: The thyrohyoid, omohyoid and sternomastoid muscles surround the external component of the laryngocele (thyrohyoid membrane in green)

CT scan will however distinguish between air- and fluid-filled cysts and solid masses. CT evidence of a cyst extending through the thyrohyoid membrane is pathognomonic of a combined laryngocele. MRI yields similar information.

Management

This depends on the significance of the symptoms and signs, and the size and extent of the laryngocoele. Laryngoscopy is done to exclude the possibility of underlying malignancy in the larynx.

Needle aspiration

An acutely inflamed combined cyst may first be aspirated percutaneously with a needle and treated with appropriate antibiotics to avoid doing a suboptimal resection in a septic field; needle aspiration may also be employed as an emergency measure to relieve acute airway obstruction.

Internal Laryngoceles(Figures 1-3)

Small, asymptomatic laryngoceles do not require surgical intervention. Symptomatic internal laryngoceles and saccular cysts are widely de-roofed/uncapped or excised endoscopically, ideally with CO₂ laser. Larger internal laryngoceles, especially if recurrent, can also be excised by an external approach (see below).

Combined Laryngoceles

• The surgery is done under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation taking care not to rupture the cyst
• Place a transverse skin incision in a skin crease over the thyrohyoid membrane, from the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid to the midline of the neck (Figure 14)

Figure 14: Skin incision over the cyst between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

• Elevate subplatysmal flaps to expose submandibular salivary gland superiorly, omohyoid muscle anteriorly and sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly

Figure 15: Expose cyst and define the surrounding structures

• Using careful sharp and blunt dissection, find the dissection plane on the thin cyst wall and identify the superior thyroid (STA) and superior laryngeal arteries (SLA) behind the cyst (Figure 16)

Figure 16: Expose superior thyroid and superior laryngeal arteries

• Identify the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN); it emerges deep to the superior thyroid artery (Figure 17)
• Reflect the cyst upwards and retract the omohyoid and thinly stretched thyrohyoid muscles anteriorly to expose thyroid lamina. If necessary, transect the thyrohyoid muscle that overlies the cyst for additional exposure (Figure 18)

Figure 17: Identify the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) where it emerges deep to the superior thyroid artery

Figure 18: Retract omohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles to expose top edge of thyroid cartilage

• Free the cyst from the perichondrium on the medial aspect of the thyroid lamina and deliver it from the paraglottic space. Carefully peel the cyst off the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and from the mucosa overlying the medial aspect of the aryepiglottic fold, and deliver the cyst (Figures 19, 20)
• Inspect the wound for tears or breaches in the mucosa which, if present, are repaired with absorbable sutures
• Administer 24hrs’ perioperative antibiotics should mucosa be breached
• Insert a suction/pencil/corrugated drain and close the wound
• Because mucosal defects would be supraglottic, postoperative surgical emphysema and airway obstruction are unusual

Figure 19: Free cyst from the superior laryngeal artery (SLA), superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and deliver it from paraglottic space

Figure 20: Final view of key structures

To gain additional exposure to the internal component of the cyst in the paraglottic space

• Incise the thyroid perichondrium along the superior and posterior margins of the thyroid lamina (Figure 21)
• Reflect the perichondrium from the lateral aspect of the thyroid lamina with a Freer dissector
• Remember that the vocal cord is situated midway between the thyroid notch and the lower edge to the thyroid cartilage; therefore, make the horizontal cartilage cut above this point
• Cut through the cartilage with a knife/ oscillating saw, taking care not to enter the larynx (Figure 21)
• Remove and discard the posterosuperior quadrant of the thyroid lamina to gain access to the internal component of the laryngocele (Figure 22)
• Following removal of the cyst, suture the perichondrial flap back to its original position

Figure 21: Cuts (yellow line) in thyroid cartilage to remove posterosuperior quadrant of thyroid cartilage (green)

Figure 22: Note how removal of thyroid lamina improves access to internal component of laryngocele

References

1. Pinho M da C, et al. External laryngocele: sonographic appearance - a case report. Radiol Bras. 2007 Aug; 40(4): 279-82 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100- 39842007000400015
2. de Paula Felix JA, Felix F, de Mello LFP. Laryngocele: a cause of upper airway obstruction. Rev. Bras. Otorri nolaringol. 2008 Feb [cited 2013 Mar 09]; 74(1): 143-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034- 72992008000100023

Author & Editor

Johan Fagan MBChB, FCS(ORL), MMed
Professor and Chairman
Division of Otolaryngology
University of Cape Town
Cape Town, South Africa
[e-mail]

The Open Access Atlas of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Operative Surgery by Johan Fagan (Editor) [e-mail] is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported License