Table of Contents

Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems with a focus on how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions in a living system. Anatomy and physiology make a natural pair of related disciplines that are often studied together.

• Unit 1: Levels of Organization

  Unit 1 provide students with a basic understanding of human anatomy and physiology, including its language, the levels of organization, and the basics of chemistry and cell biology. These chapters provide a foundation for the further study of the body. They also focus particularly on how the body’s regions, important chemicals, and cells maintain homeostasis.
  • 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
    • 1.00: Introduction
    • 1.01: Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
    • 1.02: Structural Organization of the Human Body
    • 1.03: Functions of Human Life
    • 1.04: Requirements for Human Life
    • 1.05: Homeostasis
    • 1.6: Anatomical Terminology
    • 1.07: Medical Imaging
  • 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
    • 2.00: Introduction
    • 2.1: Elements and Atoms - The Building Blocks of Matter
    • 2.02: Chemical Bonds
    • 2.3: Chemical Reactions
    • 2.04: Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
    • 2.05: Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
  • 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
    • 3.0: Prelude to The Cellular Level of Organization
    • 3.1: The Cell Membrane
    • 3.2: The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
    • 3.3: The Nucleus and DNA Replication
    • 3.4: Protein Synthesis
    • 3.5: Cell Growth and Division
    • 3.6: Cellular Differentiation
  • 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
    • 4.0: Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization
    • 4.1: Types of Tissues
    • 4.02: Epithelial Tissue
    • 4.03: Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
    • 4.4: Muscle Tissue and Motion
    • 4.05: Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
    • 4.06: Tissue Injury and Aging

• Unit 2: Support and Movement

  In Unit 2, students explore the skin, the largest organ of the body, and examine the body’s skeletal and muscular systems, following a traditional sequence of topics. This unit is the first to walk students through specific systems of the body, and as it does so, it maintains a focus on homeostasis as well as those diseases and conditions that can disrupt it.
  • 5: The Integumentary System
    • 5.00: Introduction
    • 5.01: Layers of the Skin
    • 5.2: Accessory Structures of the Skin
    • 5.03: Functions of the Integumentary System
    • 5.04: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
  • 6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
    • 6.0: Introduction
    • 6.1: The Functions of the Skeletal System
    • 6.2: Bone Classification
    • 6.3: Bone Structure
    • 6.4: Bone Formation and Development
    • 6.5: Fractures - Bone Repair
    • 6.6: Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
    • 6.7: Calcium Homeostasis - Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
  • 7: Axial Skeleton
    • 7.0: Introduction to the Axial Skeleton
    • 7.1: Divisions of the Skeletal System
    • 7.2: The Skull
    • 7.3: The Vertebral Column
    • 7.4: The Thoracic Cage
    • 7.5: Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
  • 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
    • 8.0: Introduction
    • 8.1: The Pectoral Girdle
    • 8.2: Bones of the Upper Limb
    • 8.3: The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
    • 8.4: Bones of the Lower Limb
    • 8.5: Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
  • 9: Joints
    • 9.00: Introduction
    • 9.01: Classification of Joints
    • 9.02: Fibrous Joints
    • 9.03: Cartilaginous Joints
    • 9.04: Synovial Joints
    • 9.05: Types of Body Movements
    • 9.06: Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
    • 9.07: Development of Joints
  • 10: Muscle Tissue
    • 10.0: Prelude to Muscle Tissue
    • 10.1: Overview of Muscle Tissues
    • 10.2: Skeletal Muscle
    • 10.3: Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
    • 10.4: Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
    • 10.5: Types of Muscle Fibers
    • 10.6: Exercise and Muscle Performance
    • 10.7: Cardiac Muscle Tissue
    • 10.8: Smooth Muscle
    • 10.9: Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
    • 10.E: Muscle Tissue (Exercises)
  • 11: The Muscular System
    • 11.00: Prelude to the Muscular System
    • 11.01: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
    • 11.02: Naming Skeletal Muscle
    • 11.03: Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
    • 11.04: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
    • 11.05: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
    • 11.6: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control

  Unit 3 helps students answer questions about nervous and endocrine system control and regulation. In a break with the traditional sequence of topics, the special senses are integrated into the chapter on the somatic nervous system. The chapter on the neurological examination offers students a unique approach to understanding nervous system function using five simple but powerful diagnostic tests.
  • 12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
    • 12.0: Prelude to the Nervous System
    • 12.1: Basic Structures and Function of the Nervous System
    • 12.2: Nervous Tissue
    • 12.3: The Function of Nervous Tissue
    • 12.4: The Action Potential
    • 12.5: Communication Between Neurons
  • 13: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
    • 13.0: Prelude Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
    • 13.1: The Embryologic Perspective
    • 13.2: The Central Nervous System
    • 13.3: Circulation and the Central Nervous System
    • 13.4: The Peripheral Nervous System
    • 13.E: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue (Exercises)
  • 14: The Somatic Nervous System
    • 14.0: Prelude to The Somatic Nervous System
    • 14.1: Sensory Perception
    • 14.2: Central Processing
    • 14.3: Motor Processing
  • 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
    • 15.0: Prelude to The Autonomic Nervous System
    • 15.1: Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
    • 15.2: Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
    • 15.3: Central Control
    • 15.4: Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
  • 16: The Neurological Exam
    • 16.0: Prelude to the Neurological Exam
    • 16.1: Overview of the Neurological Exam
    • 16.2: The Mental Status Exam
    • 16.3: The Cranial Nerve Exam
    • 16.4: The Sensory and Motor Exams
    • 16.5: The Coordination and Gait Exams
  • 17: The Endocrine System
    • 17.0: Prelude to the Endocrine System
    • 17.1: An Overview of the Endocrine System
    • 17.2: Hormones
    • 17.3: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
    • 17.4: The Thyroid Gland
    • 17.5: The Parathyroid Glands
    • 17.6: The Adrenal Glands
    • 17.7: The Pineal Gland
    • 17.8: Gonadal and Placental Hormones
    • 17.9: The Endocrine Pancreas
    • 17.10: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
    • 17.11: Development and Aging of the Endocrine System

• Unit 4: Fluids and Transport

  In Unit 4, students examine the principal means of transport for materials needed to support the human body, regulate its internal environment, and provide protection.
  • 18: The Cardiovascular System - Blood
    • 18.00: Prelude to Blood
    • 18.01: An Overview of Blood
    • 18.02: Production of the Formed Elements
    • 18.3: Erythrocytes
    • 18.04: Leukocytes and Platelets
    • 18.05: Hemostasis
    • 18.06: Blood Typing
  • 19: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
    • 19.0: Prelude to The Heart
    • 19.1: Heart Anatomy
    • 19.2: Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
    • 19.3: Cardiac Cycle
    • 19.4: Cardiac Physiology
    • 19.5: Development of the Heart
    • 19.E: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart (Exercises)
  • 20: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
    • 20.0: Introduction
    • 20.1: Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
    • 20.2: Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
    • 20.3: Capillary Exchange
    • 20.4: Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
    • 20.5: Circulatory Pathways
    • 20.6: Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
  • 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System
    • 21.0: Introduction
    • 21.1: Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
    • 21.2: Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
    • 21.3: The Adaptive Immune Response - T Lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
    • 21.4: The Adaptive Immune Response - B-Lymphocytes and Antibodies
    • 21.5: The Immune Response Against Pathogens
    • 21.6: Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
    • 21.7: Transplantation and Cancer Immunology

• Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange

  In Unit 5, students discover the interaction between body systems and the outside environment for the exchange of materials, the capture of energy, the release of waste, and the overall maintenance of the internal systems that regulate the exchange. The explanations and illustrations are particularly focused on how structure relates to function.
  • 22: The Respiratory System
    • 22.0: Prelude to the Respiratory System
    • 22.1: Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
    • 22.2: The Lungs
    • 22.3: The Process of Breathing
    • 22.4: Gas Exchange
    • 22.5: Transport of Gases
    • 22.6: Modifications in Respiratory Functions
    • 22.7: Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
  • 23: The Digestive System
    • 23.0: Introduction
    • 23.1: Overview of the Digestive System
    • 23.2: Digestive System Processes and Regulation
    • 23.3: The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
    • 23.4: The Stomach
    • 23.5: The Small and Large Intestines
    • 23.6: Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
    • 23.7: Chemical Digestion and Absorption - A Closer Look
  • 24: Metabolism and Nutrition
    • 24.0: Prelude to Metabolism and Nutrition
    • 24.1: Overview of Metabolic Reactions
    • 24.2: Carbohydrate Metabolism
    • 24.3: Lipid Metabolism
    • 24.4: Protein Metabolism
    • 24.5: Metabolic States of the Body
    • 24.6: Energy and Heat Balance
    • 24.7: Nutrition and Diet
  • 25: The Urinary System
    • 25.0: Prelude to the Urinary System
    • 25.1: Physical Characteristics of Urine
    • 25.2: Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
    • 25.3: Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
    • 25.4: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
    • 25.5: Physiology of Urine Formation
    • 25.6: Tubular Reabsorption
    • 25.7: Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
    • 25.8: Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
    • 25.9: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
    • 25.10: The Urinary System and Homeostasis
  • 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
    • 26.0: Prelude to Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
    • 26.1: Body Fluids and Fluid Compartment
    • 26.2: Water Balance
    • 26.3: Electrolyte Balance
    • 26.4: Acid-Base Balance
    • 26.5: Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

• Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life

  Unit 6 examine the male and female reproductive systems, describe the process of human development and the different stages of pregnancy, and end with a review of the mechanisms of inheritance.
  • 27: The Reproductive System
    • 27.0: Prelude to the Reproductive System
    • 27.1: Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
    • 27.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
    • 27.3: Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
  • 28: Development and Inheritance
    • 28.0: Prelude to Development and Inheritance
    • 28.1: Fertilization
    • 28.2: Embryonic Development
    • 28.3: Fetal Development
    • 28.4: Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
    • 28.5: Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
    • 28.6: Lactation
    • 28.7: Patterns of Inheritance