13: The Somatic Nervous System (Special Senses)
- Page ID
- 52786
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 13.1: Gustation (Taste)
- This page describes the sense of taste (gustation) and its physiological basis. It explains that taste occurs through the tongue, which has a specific lining and raised structures called papillae—four types in total. Each type contains taste buds with gustatory receptor cells that detect food chemicals and transmit signals via neurotransmitters. These signals connect to sensory neurons in the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, enabling taste perception.
- 13.2: Olfaction (Smell)
- This page explains the process of olfaction, highlighting the role of olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity. Airborne odorants interact with these neurons, generating signals sent to the brain. The olfactory tract links to the olfactory bulb and limbic system, associating smells with memories and emotions directly, bypassing the thalamus. It also notes that olfactory neurons are regularly replaced to ensure ongoing functionality.
- 13.3: Audition (Hearing)
- This page explains how hearing transforms sound waves into neural signals through the ear's anatomy. The external ear includes the auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane, while the middle ear consists of ossicles and connects to the pharynx via the Eustachian tube. Sound vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear, where the cochlea and its organs of Corti convert fluid motion into neural signals, with varying frequencies activating specific areas of the basilar membrane.
- 13.4: Vision
- This page discusses the sense of vision, detailing the role of light stimuli and the anatomical protection provided by the eyes. It explains eye movement mechanics through six extraocular muscles and describes the eye's three layers. The retina, containing photoreceptors (rods and cones), is highlighted; rods are sensitive to low light, while cones detect color through three types of opsins for red, green, and blue wavelengths.
- 13.5: Exercises
- This page details labeling exercises focused on the anatomy of the olfactory system, ear, and eye. It instructs readers to draw and label structures like the olfactory bulb, components of the ear, and parts of the eye, including the lens and cornea. The exercises also cover the histological features of the retina, highlighting the identification of neuronal types and structures related to vision.
- 13.6: MODELS- Eye, Ear, Torso, Mid-Sagittal Head and Cochlea
- This page gives a comprehensive overview of the anatomical structures related to the senses: olfaction (nose and nasal cavity), vision (eye's structure and retina), audition (ear's parts including cochlea), and gustation (tongue's papillae and taste buds). Each sensory system's components and relevant histological details are highlighted.
- 13.7: Cow Eye Dissection
- Anatomy & Physiology one organ at a time...Biology Corner: https://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/cow_eye_dissection.html