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    (c) 2021 Renée J. LeClair

    This textbook is licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial Share-Alike 4.0 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0. 

    You are free: to copy, share, adapt, remix, transform, and build on the material for any primarily noncommercial purpose as long as you follow the terms of the license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses.../4.0/legalcode.

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    • Attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. 

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    • NonCommercial - You may not use the work for primarily commercial use.

    • Additional restrictions - You may not add any legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

    Suggested citation: LeClair, Renée J. (2021) Cell Biology, Genetics, and Biochemistry for Pre-Clinical Students. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech Publishing. https://doi.org/10.21061/cellbio. Licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0.

    Publisher: This work is published by the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in association with Virginia Tech Publishing, a division of the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. 

    Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine

    2 Riverside Circle

    Roanoke, VA 24016 USA

     

    Virginia Tech Publishing

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    https://publishing.vt.edu

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    This book is also available on LibreTexts at https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/37584

    Peer review: This book has undergone single-blind peer review by five external reviewers.

    Accessibility statement: Virginia Tech Publishing is committed to making its publication accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML (Pressbooks) and ePub versions of this text are tagged structurally and include alternative text, which allows for machine readability. 

    Publication cataloging information:

    ISBN 978-1-949373-42-4 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.21061/cellbio 

    ISBN 978-1-949373-43-1 (ePub) [coming soon] 

    ISBN 978-1-949373-41-7(Pressbooks) https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/cellbio

    URI (Universal Resource Identifier): http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102308

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/cellbio 

    Disclaimer: The information in this textbook is intended for educational purposes only and is not meant to take the place of medical care, diagnoses, or services. Please see your health care provider about any health concerns.

    Cover Art: Adapted from DNA double helix grooves by Biochemlife. CC BY SA 4.0.

    Cover Design: Kindred Grey

    Book thumbnail: Grey, Kindred, Book icon. 2021. Chemical structure by Henry Jakubowski. CC BY-SA 4.0. Added Brain bulbar region-mr by Gayatri01. CC BY-SA 4.0. From Wikimedia Commons.

    Front matter thumbnail: Manuel de Laá, José, Contents directory. CC BY 3.0. From Noun Project.

    Back matter thumbnail: Schmitzer, Ralf, index. CC BY 3.0. From Noun Project.