1.2: 1.2：Other Relevant Parts of the History

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Neurological history

Women should be questioned regarding symptoms of limb weakness and sensory fallout. Any history of multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism, spinal cord injury, stroke or spina bifida should also be recorded.

Medications

A note should be made of medications that may be worsening the symptoms, including diuretics and alpha –blockers.

Medical History

Diabetes Mellitis and Insipidus are usually associated with polyuria. Cardiac failure can present with nocturia as a result of the redistribution of fluid when the patient is lying down.

Fluid Intake

The amount and type of fluid consumed on a daily basis should be recorded. Caffeine and alcohol can exacerbate symptoms of overactive bladder significantly and these products in particular should be enquired about.

Obstetric History

The number and type of deliveries are important as well as any history of perineal or anal sphincter injury.

Surgical History

Previous pelvic surgery, including prolapse and incontinence surgery, should be noted.

Causes of Incontinence

Table \(\PageIndex{1.2.1}\): Causes of Incontinence

1.	Stress Incontinence
	Sphincter Dysfunction
	Abnormal Bladder neck support
2.	Detrusor Overactivity
	Idiopathic
	Neurogenic
3.	Mixed incontinence
4.	Overflow Incontinence
5.	Functional Incontinence
	Confusion
	Dementia
6.	Pharmacologic
7.	True incontinence
	Fistulae
8.	Transient Incontinence
	UTI
	Restricted Mobility
	Constipation
	Atrophic Urethritis
9.	Congenital Abnormalities
I0.	Excessive urine production
	Diabetes Mellitis and Insipidus
	Diuretics
	Cardiac failure

Adapted from Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynaecology Eds Cardozo and Staskin.