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accountability
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taking responsibility for one’s own actions and accepting all consequences, both personal and professional, that can result from these actions
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adaptive coping
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a coping strategy that includes problem-focused coping and/or emotion-focused coping
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assessment
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a nursing process phase that involves gathering comprehensive data about the patient’s health status, including physical, psychological, social, and cultural aspects
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at-risk population
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a group of individuals who are at higher risk of experiencing adverse health, social, or economic outcomes due to various factors
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autonomy
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respecting the right of patients to make their own decisions and participate in their care
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beneficence
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acting in the best interest of patients and promoting their well-being
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collaborative nursing intervention
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an action that the nurse carries out in collaboration with other health team members, such as physicians, social workers, respiratory therapists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists
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comprehensive assessment
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an assessment that provides a more extensive and detailed overview of a patient’s overall health; it encompasses physical, psychological, and social aspects of a patient’s well-being
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confidentiality
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the ethical and legal duty to safeguard and protect sensitive and private information from unauthorized disclosure or access, ensuring it remains secure from others
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coping strategy
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an action, a series of actions, or a thought process used in meeting a stressful or unpleasant situation or in modifying one’s reaction to such a situation
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dependent nursing intervention
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an action that requires a prescription before it can be performed
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descriptive theory (also phenomenological theory)
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a type of theory that focuses on describing and understanding the lived experiences of individuals in the context of health care
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developmental theory
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framework that aims to explain and understand how individuals grow, change, and develop across various stages of life, emphasizing the interaction between biological, cognitive, social, and emotional factors in shaping human development
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diagnosis
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a nursing process phase in which nurses analyze and interpret the collected data to identify nursing diagnoses or health problems
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direct care activity
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an action such as administering medications, providing treatments, and assisting with activities of daily living
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element
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one of the parts, such as an object, person, process, or concept, that make up a system
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emotion-focused coping
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strategies such as mindfulness, meditation, and yoga; using humor and jokes; seeking spiritual or religious pursuits; engaging in physical activity or breathing exercises; and seeking social support
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Erikson’s psychosocial development theory
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an outline of the eight stages of human development, each characterized by a unique psychosocial crisis or challenge
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ethical guidelines and standards
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research documents that provide ethical frameworks and principles that guide researchers in conducting ethical and responsible research
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evaluation
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a nursing process phase that focuses on determining the effectiveness of the nursing interventions and the progress made toward achieving the established goals
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evidence-based practice (EBP)
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the integration of the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences or values to guide healthcare decision-making and improve patient outcomes
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external stimulus
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the physical, social, and cultural aspects of the environment
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fidelity
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demonstrating faithfulness, loyalty, and commitment to patients
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focused assessment
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a targeted assessment designed to address a specific concern
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framework of nursing theory
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a structured and organized approach to understanding and applying nursing concepts and principles
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general systems theory
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a conceptual framework that describes how systems function and interact with their environment
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health promotion
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empowering individuals, families, and communities to take control of their well-being and make positive choices
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holistic nursing care
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nursing care that emphasizes the healing of the whole person, including mind, body, and soul
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implementation
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a nursing process phase that involves executing the planned nursing interventions according to the established plan of care
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independent nursing intervention
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any intervention that the nurse can independently provide without obtaining a prescription
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indirect care activity
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an action such as patient education, counseling, and coordination of healthcare services
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informed consent
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a voluntary and well-informed agreement given by a patient after receiving comprehensive information about the risks, benefits, alternatives, and potential consequences of a medical intervention or treatment
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interdisciplinary theory
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a theory that integrates knowledge and concepts from one or more disciplines to enhance nursing practice, research, and education
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internal stimulus
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physiological, psychological, and cognitive factors
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justice
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a principle and moral obligation to act on the basis of equality and equity
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Leininger’s theory of culture care diversity and universality
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a theory that focuses on describing the impact of cultural beliefs, values, and practices on health and nursing care
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maladaptive coping
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a coping strategy that includes the avoidance of a stressful condition, withdrawal from a stressful environment, disengagement from stressful relationships, or misuse of drugs and/or alcohol
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory
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a theory that states that individuals have a hierarchical structure of needs, ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization
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nonmaleficence
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avoiding harm and preventing or minimizing potential risks to patients
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nursing diagnosis
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clinical judgment based on the medical diagnosis of a patient that helps the nurse determine the plan of care
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nursing metaparadigm
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the four foundational concepts that are central to the discipline of nursing: person, environment, health, and nursing
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nursing process
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a critical thinking model based on a systematic approach to patient-centered care.
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nursing theory
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a set of organized concepts, principles, and relationships that guide and inform nursing practice
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planning phase
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a nursing process phase when nurses collaborate with the patient, their family, and the interdisciplinary healthcare team to set achievable goals or outcomes and develop a comprehensive plan of care
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prescriptive theory
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a type of theory that provides guidance and direction for nursing practice by offering recommendations, interventions, or guidelines to achieve desired outcomes
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problem-focused coping
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a strategy that includes seeking treatment such as counseling or cognitive behavioral therapy
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qualitative research
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a systematic and subjective approach that focuses on understanding and interpreting human experiences, meanings, and social phenomena in the context of health care
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quantitative research
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a systematic and empirical approach that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data to answer research questions and explore phenomena related to health care
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Roy’s adaptation model
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a conceptual framework developed by nursing theorist Sister Callista Roy that is based on the belief that individuals strive to maintain balance and achieve a state of equilibrium in response to changes in their internal and external environments, and aims to promote adaptation for optimal health and well-being
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system
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a set of elements that are interrelated and work together to achieve a common goal
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veracity
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honesty and truthfulness in communication
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Watson’s theory of human caring
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a theory that emphasizes the significance of caring in nursing practice