23.6: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 105794
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\(\newcommand{\longvect}{\overrightarrow}\)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- adventitious
- occurring in an unusual place or manner
- agonal breathing
- irregular, labored breathing with gasping
- alveoli
- clusters of milk-secreting cells located within the breast
- apnea
- the cessation of breathing
- atelectasis
- the collapse of alveoli in the lungs, resulting in limited air movement and decreased gas exchange
- bradypnea
- a slower-than-normal respiratory rate (fewer than twelve breaths per minute in adults) at rest
- bronchitis
- inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often occurring secondary to a respiratory infection
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- a cyclical breathing pattern involving periods of apnea and hyperventilation that often occurs at end of life
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways and lungs
- clavicular notch
- the shallow depression located on either side at the superior-lateral margins of the manubrium
- coarse crackles
- intermittent, low-pitched gurgling sounds heard on inspiration
- crepitus
- a popping or crackling sensation when the skin is palpated; it is a sign of air trapped under the subcutaneous tissues
- dyspnea
- difficult, labored breathing pattern
- expiration
- the movement of air out of the lungs
- facet
- the articulation site where the rib attaches to the thoracic vertebrae
- fibroelastic membrane
- a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, allowing it to stretch and expand slightly during inhalation and exhalation
- fine crackles (rales)
- intermittent high-pitched popping or crackling sounds heard on inspiration
- friction rub
- a grating sound heard on either inspiration or expiration
- hilum
- the concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter the lungs
- immune system
- a complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death
- inspiration
- the movement of air into the lungs
- interstitial space
- the area between individual cells in the tissues
- jugular (suprasternal) notch
- the shallow, U-shaped border at the top of the manubrium of the sternum between the medial ends of the clavicles
- Kussmaul respiration
- a deep, rapid breathing pattern associated with metabolic acidosis
- lactiferous ducts
- milk-secreting openings located on the surface of the nipple
- lactiferous sinus
- a glandular lobe within the breast itself that contains groups of milk-secreting cells
- lymph
- interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic system
- lymph node
- a small bean-shaped organ that composes part of the lymphatic system
- lymphadenopathy
- swelling of the lymph nodes
- lymphatic system
- system of vessels, cells, and organs that carry excess fluids to the bloodstream and filter pathogens from the blood through lymph nodes
- lymphedema
- accumulation of protein-rich interstitial fluid in the tissue spaces as a result of lymphatic system blockage or damage
- mammary glands
- modified sweat glands located in the breasts that makes breast milk
- manubrium
- the wider, superior portion of the sternum
- metastasis
- the spread of cells to a distant site, such as with cancer cells
- obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
- a cessation of breathing that occurs during sleep
- orthopnea
- difficulty breathing when lying flat
- parietal pleura
- the outermost pleural membrane layer that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
- dyspnea that occurs abruptly during the night, usually waking the patient from sleep
- pleura
- the double-layered serous membrane that surrounds each lung
- pleural cavity
- the compartment enclosing the lung, created by the visceral and parietal membrane layers
- pleural effusion
- an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
- pneumothorax
- an abnormal accumulation of air in the pleural space
- pulmonary edema
- a buildup of fluid in the veins and alveoli of the lungs caused by the inability of the heart to adequately circulate blood
- respiratory capacity
- the combination of two or more selected respiratory volumes, which further describes the amount of air in the lungs during a given time
- respiratory volume
- the amount of air moved by or associated with the lungs at a given point in the respiratory cycle
- retraction
- the “pulling in” of muscles between the ribs or in the neck when breathing, indicating difficulty breathing or respiratory distress
- rhonchi
- continuous, low-pitched whistling-type noises produced during expiration (sometimes during inspiration)
- sternoclavicular joint
- the site where the clavicle and sternum are attached
- sternum
- the elongated bony structure that anchors the anterior thoracic cage
- stridor
- a high-pitched “crowing” sound heard only on inspiration
- tachypnea
- a respiratory rate that exceeds 20 breaths per minute
- thoracic cage
- the anatomical structure that includes the twelve ribs and sternum
- thorax
- the area of the body commonly known as the chest
- total lung capacity (TLC)
- the sum of all the lung volumes
- trachea
- the lowest structure of the upper airway, adjacent to the esophagus, that connects the lung bronchi and the larynx and provides a route for air to enter and exit the lungs; also known as the windpipe
- visceral pleura
- the innermost pleural membrane layer that lies superficial to the lungs
- wheeze
- a continuous, high-pitched whistling-type noise produced during expiration (sometimes during inspiration)
- xiphoid process
- the inferior tip of the sternum