26.5: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 105850
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- accommodation
- the ability to adjust from near to far vision
- anosmia
- inability to identify odors
- aphasia
- difficulty with all forms of communication
- arachnoid
- middle layer of the meninges between dura and pia mater
- autonomic nervous system
- the division of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary body functions to maintain and restore homeostasis
- basal ganglia
- masses of nuclei located in the deep cerebral hemispheres
- bradykinesia
- slow voluntary movements and speech
- brain lateralization
- communication between the left and right hemispheres
- central nervous system (CNS)
- includes the brain and spinal cord
- cephalalgia
- headache
- cerebral cortex
- a wrinkled outer layer of gray matter
- chorea
- rapid, jerky, involuntary movements
- contralateral
- occurs on opposite side of body
- convergence
- the action of the eyes moving inward to focus with near vision
- corpus callosum
- major communication pathway between the two brain hemispheres
- delirium
- acute, reversible confusion that may be due to an infection, fever, or lack of oxygen
- dementia
- chronic, irreversible confusion
- demyelination
- the destruction of the protective myelin that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord that results in impairment of nerve impulse transmissions
- dermatome
- an area of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve that sends information to the brain for processing
- diencephalon
- the interbrain, which contains the hypothalamus and thalamus
- dura mater
- outermost layer of the meninges
- dysphagia
- difficulty swallowing
- dysphasia
- difficulty speaking
- dysphonia
- voice impairment
- epilepsy
- a chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent (two or more) seizures that are not related to a reversible stressor and occur more than 24 hours apart
- hypertonia
- increased muscle tone
- hypokinesia
- diminished movement
- hypotonia
- decreased muscle tone
- innervated
- supplying or being supplied with nerves
- ipsilateral
- occurs on same side of body
- mydriasis
- pupil dilation
- myoclonus
- involuntary muscle jerks
- nuchal rigidity
- stiff, painful neck
- nystagmus
- an involuntary, rhythmic, back-and-forth movement of the eyes
- paraplegia
- lower body paralysis
- parasympathetic nervous system
- the part of the autonomic nervous system that opposes the sympathetic nervous system and regulates automatic bodily functions in times of rest and relaxation
- peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and autonomic nervous system
- peripheral neuropathy
- weakness, numbness, or pain from nerve damage to the peripheral nervous system
- photophobia
- sensitivity to light
- pia mater
- innermost layer of the meninges
- postictal state
- phase that often follows a seizure and can include deep sleep, confusion, headache, and muscle soreness
- primary headache
- occurs independently and is not caused by another medical condition
- proprioception
- the body’s ability to sense movement, action, and location of parts of the body
- reflex
- involuntary movement
- response
- actions or changes triggered by sensory stimuli or input
- secondary headache
- symptom of another health disorder that causes pain-sensitive nerve endings to be pressed on or pulled out of place
- sensation
- receiving information about the environment
- stereognosis
- the ability to perceive the physical form and identity of a familiar object, such as a key or paper clip, on the basis of tactile stimuli alone; often referred to as monofilament testing
- sympathetic nervous system
- the part of the autonomic nervous system that responds to perceived stressful or dangerous situations
- tetraplegia
- paralysis of all extremities
- transection
- severing
- transient ischemic attack (TIA)
- stroke symptom that lasts less than 1 hour without evidence of cerebral infarction
- trigeminal neuralgia
- severe facial pain