22.6: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 104828
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- acrocyanosis
- cyanosis occurring only on the hands and feet, an expected finding in a newborn, that lasts up to a week
- Apgar assessment
- standardized assessment to evaluate the response of the newborn’s transition to extrauterine life based on heart rate, respiration, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color at 1 minute and 5 minutes post birth
- cold stress
- occurs when excessive heat loss requires the infant to use compensatory mechanisms (increased respirations and nonshivering thermogenesis) to maintain core body temperature
- conduction
- heat loss occurring from direct contact with a cooler surface
- convection
- heat loss occurring when heat is transferred from the body surface to the surrounding air by a current
- encephalopathy with hyperammonemia
- high levels of ammonia in the blood that cause brain damage
- evaporation
- heat loss that occurs when liquid is converted to vapor
- extrauterine life
- life outside the uterus
- first period of reactivity
- initial episode of neonatal behavior beginning at birth, lasting about 30 minutes, and characterized by activity, alertness, responsiveness, and interaction with anyone nearby
- galactosemia
- buildup of galactose in the blood
- homeothermic
- attempting stabilization internally despite significant temperature variations in the environment the neonate is presently in
- intrauterine life
- life inside the uterus
- meconium
- first stool the newborn passes, consisting of amniotic fluid, mucus, lanugo, and bile
- muscle tone
- tension of healthy muscles that contributes a slight resistance to passive displacement of a limb
- neutral thermal environment
- the temperature range necessary for heat production to be at a minimum to maintain normal body temperature
- nonshivering thermogenesis
- increase in metabolic heat production above the basal metabolism that is not associated with muscle activity
- patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- cardiac defect that occurs when a fetal anatomic shunt, the ductus arteriosus, fails to close after birth
- patent foramen ovale (PFO)
- cardiac defect that occurs when a fetal anatomic shunt, the foramen ovale, fails to close after birth
- period of decreased responsiveness
- secondary episode of neonatal behavior, lasting about 30 minutes to 2 hours, characterized by a marked decrease in motor activity, decreased vital signs, and deep sleep
- radiation
- heat loss occurring from transfer of heat to cool solid objects not in direct contact with the newborn
- reflex irritability
- newborn’s response to stimulation from the nurse
- second period of reactivity
- third and final episode of neonatal behavior lasting about 2 to 8 hours, characterized by increased activity, alertness, oral secretions, and an interest in feeding and parental-neonatal bonding; this is the final stage in neonatal transition
- ten-step warm chain
- standardized program developed in 1997 by the World Health Organization to support thermal stability in the newborn
- thermoregulation
- maintenance of thermal balance by the loss of heat to the environment at a rate equal to the heat being produced
- transient neonatal thrombocytopenia
- condition of decreased platelets that develops in neonates