25.9: Key Terms

acyanotic

cardiac defects that result in oxygen saturations of 90 percent or greater, with a left-to-right shunt

apnea of prematurity (AOP)

condition in which breathing stops for 15 to 20 seconds or more, shorter if associated with bradycardia or desaturation

asocial stage

general lack of attachment

attachment

more integral provision of a secure environment for the infant throughout their progression and exploration

birth injury

(also, birth trauma) any physical injury to a newborn caused by labor and delivery

birth trauma

(also, birth injury) any physical injury to a newborn caused by labor and delivery

bonding

infant and caregiver having experiences they enjoy together

brachial plexus injury (BPI)

injury resulting in paralysis involving muscles of the upper extremity due to trauma of C5 through T1

bronchomalacia

mobile cartilage in the airways; can cause airway collapse during exhalation

bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

preterm respiratory disease with significant mortality and morbidity

cardiorespiratory compromise

apnea, bradycardia, or oxygen desaturation

cleft lip

and cleft palate a failure of the tissues to come together at the frontonasal and maxillary processes

congenital disorder

any disorder or abnormality present at birth

congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)

(also, clubfoot) common congenital lower limb deformity

cranial deformities

congenital or genetic disorders that affect the development of the cranial anatomy resulting in abnormal form or function

cyanotic

cardiac defects that result in oxygen saturations less than 90 percent due to a right-to-left cardiac shunt

drug-resistant seizure

occurs when no AED is effective in stopping the recurrence of seizures

dystocia

slow, greater than 12 to 24 hours, or difficult labor or delivery

Erb-Duchenne paralysis

paralysis due to injury of the nerves C5 and C6 from pulling the head away from the shoulder during a difficult birth

esophageal atresia (EA)

(also, tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)) fetal development anomaly where the esophagus connects to the trachea

extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

a life-support method involving a modified form of heart-lung bypass

extremely preterm

born at or before 25 weeks of pregnancy

facial paralysis

paralysis of cranial nerve 7, the facial nerve, from birth injury

G-tube

invasive tube placed directly into the stomach via interventional radiology or surgery

gastroschisis

common congenital abdominal wall defect where the abdominal contents are outside the abdomen

gavage

route for administering medications and/or liquids, including formula or breast milk, through a small tube placed through the nose or mouth to the stomach or small intestine

genetic disorder

any disorder caused by an abnormality in the genetic material, chromosomes, or the genes within the chromosomes

hospice care

specialized medical care for an infant nearing the end of life

hypothermia

measured auxiliary temperature below 36.5° C

hypoxic ischemia (HI)

death of tissue due to lack of oxygen to that area over a period of time

indiscriminate stage

where the 6-week-old to 6-month-old infant is interested in others but consolable by all

intracerebellar hemorrhage

bleeding in the cerebellar region

intraventricular hemorrhage

bleeding in the spaces (ventricles) and fluid-filled areas of the brain

J-tube

nasally placed tube that reaches beyond the gastric sphincter to the duodenum or jejunum of the small intestine to provide continuous feeds

Klumpke palsy

paralysis defined by the lower portion of the arm being flaccid with an absent grasp reflex, affecting nerves C8 to T1

late preterm

born between 34 and 36 completed weeks of pregnancy

macrosomia

size larger than expected for gestational age in a neonate

meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)

respiratory distress in a newborn delivered with meconium-stained amniotic fluid with no other underlying reason for respiratory distress

microcephaly

head circumference at least two standard deviations below the average findings for someone of the same age and gender

moderately preterm

born between 32 and 34 weeks of pregnancy

multiple stage

infant 10 or more months old who has many attachments and persons who can console them

murmur

sound that is heard where turbulent blood flow occurs through a heart defect

necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

ischemic necrosis of the intestinal mucosa

neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

occurs when the newborn has been exposed to drugs, legal or illegal, that are no longer available, resulting in withdrawal

NG tube

feeding tube placed in the infant’s nostril down to their stomach

OG tube

feeding tube placed in the infant’s mouth down to their stomach

omphalocele

common congenital abdominal wall defect where abdominal contents are held within a sac outside the abdomen

persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)

elevated pulmonary pressures beyond that time period that the pulmonary vascular resistance is expected to decrease

phrenic nerve paralysis

paralysis of the diaphragm

Ponseti method

gold standard treatment for clubfoot serial manipulation of the foot and ankle with casting and percutaneous Achilles tenotomy followed by long-term use of a foot abduction brace

positive pressure ventilation (PPV)

positive pressure breaths given mechanically to improve ventilation

postterm

born after 42 weeks of gestation

psychosocial assessment

assessment to determine a family's mental health and social well-being; is performed by a social worker prior to discharge to identify and support any social or financial needs for the family

respiratory distress

a state when the increased efforts of breathing cannot meet ventilation and oxygenation demands

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

once known as hyaline membrane disease, is a common breathing disorder in preterm infants and newborns

resuscitation

external ventilation along with chest compressions

sibling rivalry

jealousy of the sibling

specific stage

usually only one person is able to console the infant

subarachnoid hemorrhage

bleeding within the subarachnoid space; occurs in full-term infants as a result of trauma and is the most common

subdural hemorrhage

bleeding within the subdural space

Trisomy 13

three copies of the chromosome 13

Trisomy 18

(also, Edwards syndrome) three copies of the chromosome 18

Trisomy 21

(also, Down syndrome (DS)) primarily caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, which results in multiple systemic complications that make up the signs and symptoms of the syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS)

monosomy X is a random formation of reproductive cells in the parent giving birth to the person with the syndrome

ventilation

effective breaths that result in chest rise with air entry to the lungs

very preterm

born at less than 32 weeks of pregnancy