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6.8: VI Glossary

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    Advocacy: The act or process of pleading for, supporting, or recommending a cause or course of action. Advocacy may be for persons (whether an individual, group, population, or society) or for an issue, such as potable water or global health.[1]

    Autonomy: The capacity to determine one’s own actions through independent choice, including demonstration of competence.[2]

    Beneficence: The bioethical principle of benefiting others by preventing harm, removing harmful conditions, or affirmatively acting to benefit another or others, often going beyond what is required by law.[3]

    Code of ethics: A set of ethical principles established by a profession that is designed to govern decision-making and assist individuals to distinguish right from wrong.

    Consequentialism: An ethical theory used to determine whether or not an action is right by the consequences of the action. For example, most people agree that lying is wrong, but if telling a lie would help save a person’s life, consequentialism says it’s the right thing to do.

    Cultural humility: A humble and respectful attitude towards individuals of other cultures and an approach to learning about other cultures as a lifelong goal and process.

    Deontology: An ethical theory based on rules that distinguish right from wrong.

    Ethical dilemma: Conflict resulting from competing values that requires a decision to be made from equally desirable or undesirable options.

    Ethical principles: Principles used to define nurses’ moral duties and aid in ethical analysis and decision-making.[4] Foundational ethical principles include autonomy (self-determination), beneficence (do good), nonmaleficence (do no harm), justice (fairness), and veracity (tell the truth).

    Ethics: The formal study of morality from a wide range of perspectives.[5]

    Ethics committee: A formal committee established by a health care organization to problem-solve ethical dilemmas.

    Fidelity: An ethical principle meaning keeping promises.

    Institutional Review Board (IRB): A group that has been formally designated to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects.

    Justice: A moral obligation to act on the basis of equality and equity and a standard linked to fairness for all in society.[6]

    Moral injury: The distressing psychological, behavioral, social, and sometimes spiritual aftermath of exposure to events that contradict deeply held moral beliefs and expectations.

    Morality: Personal values, character, or conduct of individuals or groups within communities and societies.[7]

    Morals: The prevailing standards of behavior of a society that enable people to live cooperatively in groups.[8]

    Moral conflict: Feelings occurring when an individual is uncertain about what values or principles should be applied to an ethical issue.[9]

    Moral courage: The willingness of an individual to speak out and do what is right in the face of forces that would lead us to act in some other way.[10]

    Moral distress: Feelings occurring when correct ethical action is identified but the individual feels constrained by competing values of an organization or other individuals.[11]

    Moral outrage: Feelings occurring when an individual witnesses immoral acts or practices they feel powerless to change.[12]

    Nonmaleficence: The bioethical principle that specifies a duty to do no harm and balances avoidable harm with benefits of good achieved.[13]

    Paternalism: The interference by the state or an individual with another person, defended by the claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm.[14]

    Utilitarianism: A type of consequentialism that determines whether or not actions are right based on their consequences, with the standard being achieving the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

    Values: Individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another and serve as a guide for behavior.[15]

    Veracity: An ethical principle meaning telling the truth.

    1. American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. American Nurses Association. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/↵
    2. American Nurses Association. (2021). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (4th ed.). American Nurses Association ↵
    3. American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. American Nurses Association. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/↵
    4. American Nurses Association. (2021). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (4th ed.). American Nurses Association ↵
    5. American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. American Nurses Association. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/↵
    6. American Nurses Association. (2021). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (4th ed.). American Nurses Association. ↵
    7. American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. American Nurses Association. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/↵
    8. Ethics Unwrapped - McCombs School of Business. (n.d.). Ethics defined (a glossary). University of Texas at Austin. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary↵
    9. American Nurses Association (ANA). Ethics topics and articles.https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/ethics-topics-and-articles/↵
    10. American Nurses Association (ANA). Ethics topics and articles.https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/ethics-topics-and-articles/↵
    11. American Nurses Association (ANA). Ethics topics and articles.https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/ethics-topics-and-articles/↵
    12. American Nurses Association (ANA). Ethics topics and articles.https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/ethics-topics-and-articles/↵
    13. American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. American Nurses Association. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/coe-view-only/↵
    14. Dworkin, G. (2020, September 9). Paternalism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paternalism/↵
    15. Ethics Unwrapped - McCombs School of Business. (n.d.). Ethics defined (a glossary). University of Texas at Austin. https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary↵

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