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adverse childhood experience (ACE)
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a traumatic incident such as experiencing violence or abuse, witnessing violence at home or in the community, having a family member attempt suicide, or any event or environment that undermines a child’s sense of safety, security, and bonding
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built environment
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includes transportation access and roadways, the availability of green space, locations for community gathering, and the buildings or other physical structures within the neighborhood
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civic participation
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a range of activities that individuals can participate in that benefit the community as well as participant health
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collective efficacy
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a community’s ability to create change and influence behavior through social norms
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cost burdened
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describes households in which more than 30 percent of income is spent on housing
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discrimination
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unfair treatment of individuals and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, sexual orientation, and ability
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economic insecurity
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a situation linked to poverty where an individual or family is unable to consistently afford housing, food, clothing, transportation, child care, or health care
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economic stability
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a situation where the individual has a steady source of income and consistent access to resources essential for a healthy life
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equality
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a situation where each individual is given the same resources or opportunities
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equity
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the distribution of the resources or opportunities each individual needs to reach an equal outcome among individuals
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food deserts
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areas where residents have limited or absent options for affordable and healthy foods
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food insecurity
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a condition in which individuals or families have limited access to adequate amounts of food
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generational poverty
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a persistent lack of a socially acceptable amount of money or possessions and disadvantage where children who grow up poor are more likely to be poor as adults
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health disparities
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preventable differences in health between groups of individuals, usually resulting from social or economic factors, geographic location, and environment
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health equity
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a state in which everyone has a fair and just opportunity to attain their highest level of health
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health inequities
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differences in health status or health resources between population groups arising from social conditions
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housing instability
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a situation where individuals and families have difficulty paying rent, live in overcrowded residences, move frequently, or spend a large part of their household income on housing
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living wage
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payment for employment that affords a modest standard of living for the individual and family
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poverty
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a state in which an individual lacks a socially acceptable amount of money or possessions
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social capital
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value gained from having positive interactions and connections between people that enables the community to function effectively and collaboratively in problem-solving efforts
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social cohesion
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the strengths of relationships within a community; an indicator is the amount of social capital, or shared group resources, within a community
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social determinants of health (SDOH)
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the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks
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social justice
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the view that everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities; also refers to overhauling social systems with the goal of sustainable equitable access into the future
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socioeconomic gradient
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the association between low socioeconomic position (SEP) and increased disease risk and premature death
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socioeconomic position (SEP)
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one’s position in society based on social and economic factors of income, education, and employment
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structural discrimination
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deeply rooted institutional policies, systems, laws, and practices that limit opportunities, resources, and power of individuals and populations based on race, ethnicity, gender, ability, SES, and religion