23.1: Culture, Cultural Identity, and Cultural Humility
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- Examine the meaning of culture in the nursing context.
- Explain cultural identity.
- Discuss the importance of culture and cultural identity to achieving the goals of population health.
- Discuss the concept of cultural humility and its significance to nursing.
- Explain how cultural humility and cultural awareness affect nursing care.
One effect of rapid globalization is that the U.S. population is always changing. Based on 2021 U.S. Census data, more than one in five adults living in the United States speak a language other than English at home (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.). Each new generation is increasingly diverse, comprising individuals who identify with a multitude of ethnicities, races, religions, genders, and sexual orientations. This diversity has increased faster than our society’s ability to navigate the many cultural factors underlying these rapid changes.
Culture
Culture is learned in a dynamic process passed from generation to generation, shaping a person’s beliefs, influencing their behaviors, and playing a large role in shaping their identities (Giger & Davidhizar, 2002). Individuals within a cultural group share common values, beliefs, and norms that influence their responses to the world around them. Amish communities in Pennsylvania and transgender youth are examples of cultural groups. Everyone, regardless of where they are born or live, belongs to one or more cultures.
Although cultures consist of many people, every individual behaves differently depending on their own circumstances and experiences. This makes it impossible to pick one person from a cultural group as a “typical” example of that group. On a smaller scale, think of how different two siblings in the same family can be.
Cultural Identity
Cultural identity is the unique combination of beliefs, values, attitudes, behaviors, customs, practices, and language that make up an individual’s sense of belonging to a particular cultural group. Like culture, cultural identity is fluid and can change throughout a person’s lifetime. How? Cultural identity can be influenced by factors such as migration , globalization, social forces, interpersonal relationships, and individual experiences. Each person’s cultural identity is an important aspect of their self-concept, encompassing who they are, how they fit into society, and what their larger context is within the human experience. All nurses bring their unique cultural identities to every client encounter, and all clients do the same.
Let’s return to Cory’s work with Mrs. Rodriguez. Mrs. Rodriguez moved to another country, the United States, to involve her family in her health care, something she considers vitally important. Family involvement is a part of Mrs. Rodriguez’s cultural identity. The priority Cory places on adapting to his client’s needs is a part of his cultural identity as a nurse. Why? It’s something Cory has learned, supported by his commitment to evidence-based practice . It shapes his role as a health care professional, affecting his interactions with clients and his decisions about how to approach client care.
Culture significantly influences many aspects of life, including the health of individuals and of populations. Population health emphasizes equitable access and quality of care regardless of a person’s background. Nurses who recognize and respond to the role culture plays in client health provide higher-quality care and achieve better outcomes for their clients. The ability of a nurse to provide safe, quality care regardless of cultural identities depends on developing cultural sensitivity , cultural awareness, and cultural humility, and that process begins with an examination of their own attitudes, values, and beliefs. See Cultural Influences on Health Beliefs and Practices for more information on cultural identity.
Cultural Humility and Cultural Awareness
Cultural humility refers to being open-minded and reflective about one’s own values and beliefs, along with acknowledging, respecting, and valuing cultural differences. A nurse practicing cultural humility will demonstrate a desire to understand other perspectives. Developing cultural humility begins with self-reflection , open communication, and collaboration with diverse groups and populations. Yet this isn’t enough—cultural humility also requires awareness of one’s own biases and how they may impact interactions with people from other backgrounds.
One way to learn about cultural humility is to explore and come to appreciate different cultures and their beliefs and values. Although no one can possess knowledge of every culture they interact with, to provide quality care, nurses should strive for cultural awareness . Cultural awareness in nursing is defined as “the process of understanding and respecting the beliefs, customs, languages, and values of clients from diverse cultures” (Giger & Haddad, 2020). It recognizes that culture shapes perspectives and experiences, influences the way people express themselves, and acknowledges that a client’s or group’s cultural norms may differ from those most often found in conventional health care settings. Cultural awareness is rooted in values such as openness, fairness, and mutual understanding.
Evidence shows that when nurses engage in positive, respectful, trusting, and caring interactions with clients, these clients experience better health outcomes. To develop such relationships with a broad range of people from varied backgrounds, nurses must become culturally aware and engage in cultural humility. Respectful relationships prioritize client self-determination and promote greater equity. They are at the heart of providing culturally and linguistically responsive nursing care.