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6.4.5: Cholesterol Synthesis

  • Page ID
    1496
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    Acetyl-CoA is also used to synthesize cholesterol. As shown below, there are a large number of reactions and enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis.

    Figure 6.351.png

    Figure 6.351 Cholesterol synthesis pathway1

    Simplifying this, acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA (4 carbons) before forming 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). HMG-CoA is converted to mevalonate by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. This enzyme is important because it is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.

    Figure 6.352.png

    Figure 6.352 Cholesterol synthesis simplified2

    A rate-limiting enzyme is like a bottleneck in a highway, as shown below, that determines the flow of traffic past it.

    Figure 6.353 .png

    Figure 6.353 Bottleneck in traffic3

    Rate-limiting enzymes limit the rate at which a metabolic pathway proceeds. The pharmaceutical industry has taken advantage of this knowledge to lower people's LDL levels with drugs known as statins. These drugs inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and thus decrease cholesterol synthesis. Less cholesterol leads to lower LDL levels, and hopefully a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

    The brand name of the statins approved for use in the US are4:

    Lipitor

    Lescol

    Mevacor

    Pravachol

    Crestor

    Zocor

    Livalo

    The first link below talks about the new cholesterol guidelines, in which statins are prescribed at set therapeutic doses based on assessed cardiovascular risk rather than treating LDL and HDL to target levels. The second link is to the online calculator that can be used to estimate individual’s risk based on results from the Framingham Heart Study. The third link talks about a drug that was effective at lowering LDL, increasing HDL, but did not improve cardiovascular disease outcomes. This finding is consistent with the new cholesterol guidelines deemphasizing HDL and LDL target levels. The fourth link below describes some new cholesterol lowering drugs, which have shown some promising preliminary results.

    Web Links

    3 Things to Know About the New Cholesterol Guidelines

    AHA Heart Attack Risk Assessment

    Dashing Hopes, Study Shows a Cholesterol Drug Had No Effect on Heart Health

    Tests of Cholesterol Drugs Offer Hope of Reducing Heart Attacks and Strokes

    The body synthesizes approximately 1 gram of cholesterol a day, whereas it is recommended that we consume less than 0.3 gram a day. A number of tissues synthesize cholesterol, with the liver accounting for ~20% of synthesis. The intestine is believed to be the most active among the other tissues that are responsible for the other 80% of cholesterol synthesis5.

    References & Links

    1. en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin...se_pathway.png
    2. en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squalene.svg
    3. en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bottleneck.svg
    4. http://www.medicinenet.com/statins/page3.htm
    5. Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. (2008) Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

    Links

    3 Things to Know About the New Cholesterol Guidelines - well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/1...ol-guidelines/

    AHA Heart Attack Risk Assessment - http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Condit...p#.WKy1vjsrJaR
    Dashing Hopes, Study Shows a Cholesterol Drug Had No Effect on Heart Health - http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/04/he...-benefits.html?
    Tests of Cholesterol Drugs Offer Hope of Reducing Heart Attacks and Strokes - www.nytimes.com/2015/03/16/business/tests-of-cholesterol-drugs-offer-hope-of-reducing-heart-attacks-and-strokes.html?


    This page titled 6.4.5: Cholesterol Synthesis is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Brian Lindshield via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.

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