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angiogenesis
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new blood vessel development
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antioxidant
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artificial or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage
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citric acid cycle
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final oxidation of protein, fat, and carbohydrate
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coenzyme
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a non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to speed up a cellular reaction
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Daily Value
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one value for each nutrient selected for the labels of dietary supplements and foods
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Daily Values
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a list of the vitamins and minerals that an individual should consume each day
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fat-soluble vitamins
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vitamins that are absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the body’s fatty tissue and liver
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food enrichment
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the practice of adding back nutrients that were lost in food processing
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food fortification
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the practice of intentionally increasing the content of one or more micronutrients (i.e., vitamins and minerals)
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free radicals
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a type of unstable molecule that is made during normal cell metabolism
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goiter
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an increase in thyroid size resulting from either iodine deficiency or hyperthyroidism
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Hartnup disease
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a condition caused by the body’s inability to absorb amino acids from the diet resulting in the inability to produce vitamins and proteins
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megaloblastic anemia
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a condition involving a vitamin B
12
and/or folate deficiency in which the bone marrow produces very large, structurally abnormal red blood cells
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osteoporosis
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loss of bone density resulting in porous, fragile bone
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oxidation
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a chemical reaction in which a “healthy” molecule loses or is robbed of one of its electrons, producing an unhealthy free radical
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percent Daily Value
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the contribution of a vitamin or mineral in a food portion based on the standard benchmark of a total daily 2,000-calorie diet
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Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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average daily nutrient intake level necessary to meet the bodily requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals
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rickets
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softening of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency resulting in bowed legs
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toxicity
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side effects from taking large doses of supplements or medications
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vitamins
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nutrients the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy
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water-soluble vitamins
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vitamins that dissolve in water