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acromegaly
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a disorder that results in overgrowth of bones in the face, hands, and feet in response to abnormally high levels of growth hormone
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dwarfism
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short stature secondary to a genetic or medical condition
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gestational diabetes
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a disorder that produces glucose intolerance during pregnancy as the result of dysfunction or delayed response of the beta cells to blood glucose
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glycemic index
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a system that ranks carbohydrate-containing foods on a scale from 1 to 100 based on their ability to raise blood sugar levels quickly or significantly
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human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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a hormone that stimulates the corpus luteum to produce the progesterone necessary for promoting and maintaining a growing fetus; reduces the pregnant individual’s immune function to protect the fetus from immune rejection
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hyperemesis gravidarum
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a condition during pregnancy characterized by extreme, persistent nausea and vomiting
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hyperglycemia
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a blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL or plasma blood glucose level greater than 150 mg/dL
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hyperthyroidism
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a clinically abnormal, elevated level of thyroid hormone in the blood; characterized by an increased metabolic rate, excessive body heat and sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, tremors, and increased heart rate
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hypoglycemia
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a blood glucose level at or less than 40 mg/dL
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hypothyroidism
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a clinically abnormal, low level of thyroid hormone in the blood; characterized by low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold extremities, constipation, reduced libido, menstrual irregularities, and reduced mental activity
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insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
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a peptide hormone that promotes bone and tissue growth
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malnutrition
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occurs when the body either does not receive sufficient nutrients or is unable to absorb essential nutrients, resulting in body composition changes and impaired functions
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puberty
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a stage of development in which sexual maturation and reproduction capabilities refine and mature
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relaxin
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a hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and then by the placenta to help prepare the body for childbirth
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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a hormone that triggers secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
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thyroxine (T4)
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tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) long-acting hormone released by the thyroid gland that can be converted to T3
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triiodothyronine (T3)
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hormone released by the thyroid gland to help regulate processes including metabolism, weight, and energy levels
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type 1 diabetes
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insulin-dependent diabetes; develops when insulin producing cells (beta cells) are destroyed in the pancreas, resulting in low to non-existent levels of insulin
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type 2 diabetes
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noninsulin-dependent diabetes; results from insulin resistance that develops gradually from obesity and aging