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adrenal gland
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the small glands sitting on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone
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aldosterone
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a hormone that triggers the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys
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cortisol
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a hormone released by the adrenal glands to help maintain blood pressure
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costovertebral angle
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the area on the back flank at the bottom of the 12th rib forming a 90-degree angle to the spine
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cystitis
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inflammation of the urinary bladder
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erythropoietin
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a hormone released by the kidneys that signals the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
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glomerulus
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a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule that filters waste products from the blood
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gluconeogenesis
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the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
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hematuria
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blood in the urine
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kidneys
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a pair of bean-shaped organs that filter out blood wastes and excrete urine
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micturition
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the act or urinating
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nephron
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the functional unit of the kidney that contains the glomerulus and its tubule
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parenchyma
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the renal cortex and medulla together
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pruritis
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uncomfortable itching
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the kidney
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renal bone dysplasia
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a life-threatening condition in which the body breaks down the bones to increase blood calcium levels by releasing the calcium stored in bones
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renal capsule
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the outermost layer of the kidney composed of fibrous connective tissue
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renal cortex
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the outer layer of the kidney contained inside the capsule
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renal medulla
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the inner part of the kidney that contains working filtering units
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renal papilla
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the apex of a renal pyramid
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renal pelvis
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the top part of the ureter where the kidney tubules drain
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renin
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an enzyme secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of angiotensin
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symphysis pubis
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the joint consisting of a fibrocartilaginous disc sandwiched between the surfaces of the pubic bones
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urea
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the wastes from the breakdown of proteins
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ureters
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two hollow tube-like ducts that allows passage of urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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urethra
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the hollow tube-like duct that allows urine passage from the bladder to the outside of the body
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uric acid
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the wastes from the breakdown of nucleic acids
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urinary bladder
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a hollow organ posterior to the symphysis pubis that acts as a storage reservoir for urine before excretion