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Clients who are pregnant should consume the recommended daily amounts of calcium and vitamin D to support fetal skeletal development.
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Infants who are breastfed should receive 400 IU vitamin D daily to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and promote healthy skeletal growth.
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Consuming calcium and vitamin D to promote bone growth continues to be important throughout childhood as females achieve up to 90% of their peak bone mass by age 18 and males by age 20.
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In adulthood, females have a higher risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Temporary declines in bone density occur during lactation, and progressive declines occur as part of the hormonal changes related to menopause.
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Clients with impaired skin integrity may need oral supplements containing protein to promote wound-healing.
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Bisphosphonates are a class of medications used to treat osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions.
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Some medications including corticosteroids, antacids, proton pump inhibitors, and loop diuretics, and some anticonvulsant medications can cause nutritional deficiencies that can negatively affect the musculoskeletal system.