9.2: Maternal and Infant Health
Many elements impacting an individual's health may be at play prior to their birth. This includes the health of biological parents prior to conception, genetic material combined at conception, maternal and fetal health during pregnancy, and the events of labor and delivery. Genetic components and the condition of gametes (sperm and ovum) affect the probability of conception and successful implantation in the uterus, as well as the potential for miscarriage. Environmental factors during pregnancy also have an effect on fetal development and future health; everything from the availability of nutrients, to exposure to toxins, and even levels of maternal stress can increase or decrease the risk of congenital defects or future diseases. Additionally, a variety of factors have an impact on both physical and mental health of the pregnant person during and after pregnancy.