5.4.2: Conditions of the Esophagus
- Page ID
- 89395
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder characterized by frequent and persistent regurgitation of stomach acid into the esophagus due to weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter. Repeated exposure to stomach acid can irritate the esophagus lining, causing heartburn, regurgitation of stomach contents into the mouth, and a sour taste in the mouth. Other symptoms include coughing, wheezing, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain, which can be mistaken for heart attack symptoms. GERD can be aggravated by fatty or spicy foods, citrus fruits, alcohol, caffeine, obesity, smoking, and reclining after a meal. If left untreated or poorly managed, GERD can lead to Barrett's esophagus and an increased risk of esophageal cancer. GERD is treated with over-the-counter antacids or prescription medications such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2-receptor antagonists to reduce acid production in the stomach.
Barrett’s Esophagus
Barrett's esophagus is primarily caused by long-term exposure to stomach acid due to chronic GERD. The continuous irritation and inflammation of the lower esophagus can lead to changes in the lining, replacing the normal squamous epithelium with precancerous cells. Symptoms of Barrett’s esophagus are like the symptoms of GERD but also include difficulty swallowing and unexplained weight loss. Treatment includes PPIs, H-2 receptor agonists, and regular surveillance to monitor for cancer.
(Krueger et al., 2012).