6.8: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 108222
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\(\newcommand{\longvect}{\overrightarrow}\)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\ket}[1]{\left| #1 \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\left< #1 \right|}\)
\(\newcommand{\braket}[2]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2} \right| \left. #2 \vphantom{#1} \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\braopket}[3]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2}\vphantom{#3} \right| #2 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#3} \left| #3 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#2} \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\qmvec}[1]{\mathbf{\vec{#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand{\op}[1]{\hat{\mathbf{#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand{\expect}[1]{\langle #1 \rangle}\)
\(\newcommand{\dfn}[1]{\emph{\textbf{#1}}}\)
| Words (or words that have the same definition) | The definition is case sensitive | (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages] | (Optional) Caption for Image | (Optional) External or Internal Link | (Optional) Source for Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  | The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| articular cartilage | thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber | ||||
| articulation | where two bone surfaces meet | ||||
| bone | hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton | ||||
| canaliculi | (singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients | ||||
| cartilage | semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement | ||||
| central canal | longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal | ||||
| closed reduction | manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery | ||||
| compact bone | dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces | ||||
| diaphysis | tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone | ||||
| diploë | layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones | ||||
| endochondral ossification | process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage | ||||
| endosteum | delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity | ||||
| epiphyseal line | completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate | ||||
| epiphyseal plate | (also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length | ||||
| epiphysis | wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow | ||||
| external callus | collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture | ||||
| flat bone | thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs | ||||
| fracture | broken bone | ||||
| fracture hematoma | blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone | ||||
| hematopoiesis | production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones | ||||
| hole | opening or depression in a bone | ||||
| hypercalcemia | condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium | ||||
| hypocalcemia | condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium | ||||
| internal callus | fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone | ||||
| intramembranous ossification | process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue | ||||
| irregular bone | bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces | ||||
| lacunae | (singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte | ||||
| long bone | cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever | ||||
| medullary cavity | hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow | ||||
| modeling | process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another | ||||
| nutrient foramen | small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment | ||||
| open reduction | surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture | ||||
| orthopedist | doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries | ||||
| osseous tissue | bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton | ||||
| ossification | (also, osteogenesis) bone formation | ||||
| ossification center | cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification | ||||
| osteoblast | cell responsible for forming new bone | ||||
| osteoclast | cell responsible for resorbing bone | ||||
| osteocyte | primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix | ||||
| osteogenic cell | undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts | ||||
| osteoid | uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts | ||||
| osteon | (also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix | ||||
| osteoporosis | disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages | ||||
| perforating canal | (also, Volkmann’s canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum | ||||
| perichondrium | membrane that covers cartilage | ||||
| periosteum | fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments | ||||
| primary ossification center | region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification | ||||
| projection | bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach | ||||
| proliferative zone | region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate | ||||
| red marrow | connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place | ||||
| remodeling | process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed | ||||
| reserve zone | region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis | ||||
| secondary ossification center | region of bone development in the epiphyses | ||||
| sesamoid bone | small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces | ||||
| short bone | cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion | ||||
| skeletal system | organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection | ||||
| spongy bone | (also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution | ||||
| trabeculae | (singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone | ||||
| yellow marrow | connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored | ||||
| zone of calcified matrix | region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis | ||||
| zone of maturation and hypertrophy | region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate |