13.1.1.1: Classification and Milling of Wheat
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Classification of Wheat
Wheat can be classified in three ways:
- Color (e.g., red, yellow, white)
- Planting season: spring wheat, planted in the spring and harvested in early fall; winter wheat, planted in the fall, harvested the following summer
- Characteristics of the grain: durum, hard bread wheat, and soft wheat
The United States recognizes seven market classes of wheat. The first five, listed below, are the most important:
- Hard red winter (planted in the fall, harvested the following summer)
- Soft red winter
- Hard red spring (planted and harvested the same year)
- Durum
- Red durum
Characteristics of the Major Wheat Groups
The major wheat groups each have differing characteristics. This also determines their use in food production and baking. The following identifies the major characteristics of each of the three major wheat groups.
- Durum wheat: Durum wheat is generally high in gluten-producing proteins. In effect, durum is the “hardest” wheat. Durum wheat is used for making semolina flour, which is made into macaroni and other pasta and is the top choice due to the higher gluten content.
- Hard wheat: Hard wheat includes hard winter wheat and hard spring wheat. Hard Red Winter (HRW) and Hard Red Spring (HRS) are most common in the United States. They contain more gluten-producing proteins than soft wheat, and are used for making bread flours and all-purpose flours.
- Soft wheat: Soft wheat is low in gluten-producing protein. Soft Red Winter (SRW) is the most common in the United States. Soft wheat is milled into cake and pastry flour.
Milling of Wheat
Milling wheat is the process that turns whole grains into flour. The goal of the miller is to produce:
- A consistent product
- A range of flours suitable for a variety of functions
- Flours with predictable performance
The very first mill operation is analyzing the grain, which determines criteria such as the gluten content and amylase (an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates) activity. It is at this point that decisions about blending are made.
Following analysis, milling may be divided into three stages:
- Cleaning and conditioning – ridding the grain of all impurities and readying it for milling
- Crushing or breaking – breaking down the grain in successive stages to release its component parts
- Reduction – progressive rollings and siftings to refine the flour and separate it into various categories, called streams
Cleaning
Wheat received at the mill contains weeds, seeds, chaff, and other foreign material. Strong drafts of air from the aspirator remove lighter impurities. The disc separator removes barley, oats, and other foreign materials. From there, the wheat goes to the scourers in which it is driven vigorously against perforated steel casings by metal beaters. In this way, much of the dirt lodged in the crease of the wheat berry is removed and carried away by a strong blast of air. Then the magnetic separator removes any iron or steel.
At this point, the wheat is moistened. Machines known as whizzers take off the surface moisture. The wheat is then tempered , or allowed to lie in bins for a short time while still damp, to toughen the bran coat, thus making possible a complete separation of the bran from the flour-producing portion of the wheat berry. After tempering, the wheat is warmed to a uniform temperature before the crushing process starts.
Crushing or Breaking
The objectives at this stage are twofold:
- Separate as much bran and germ as possible from the endosperm
- Maximize the flour from the resulting endosperm
Household grain mills create flour in one step — grain in one end, flour out the other — but the commercial mill breaks the grain down in a succession of very gradual steps, ensuring that little bran and germ are mixed with any endosperm.
Although the process is referred to as crushing , flour mills crack rather than crush the wheat with large steel rollers. The rollers at the beginning of the milling system are corrugated and break the wheat into coarse particles. The grain passes through screens of increasing fineness. Air currents draw off impurities from the middlings . Middlings is the name given to coarse fragments of endosperm, somewhere between the size of semolina and flour. Middlings occur after the “break” of the grain.
Bran and germ are sifted out, and the coarse particles are rolled, sifted, and purified again. This separation of germ and bran from the endosperm is an important goal of the miller. It is done to improve dough-making characteristics and color. As well, the germ contains oil and can affect keeping quality of the flour.
Reduction
In the reduction stage, the coarser particles go through a series of fine rollers and sieves. After the first crushing, the wheat is separated into five or six streams. This is accomplished by means of machines called plansifters that contain sieves, stacked vertically, with meshes of various sizes. The finest mesh is as fine as the finished flour, and some flour is created at an early stage of reduction.
Next, each of the divisions or streams passes through cleaning machines, known as purifiers , a series of sieves arranged horizontally and slightly angled. An upcurrent draught of air assists in eliminating dust. The product is crushed a little more, and each of the resulting streams is again divided into numerous portions by means of sifting. The final crushings are made by perfectly smooth steel rollers that reduce the middlings into flour. The flour is then bleached and put into bulk storage. From bulk storage, the flour is enriched (thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, and iron are added), and either bagged for home and bakery use or made ready for bulk delivery.
Extraction Rates
The extraction rate is a figure representing the percentage of flour produced from a given quantity of grain. For example, if 82 kg of flour is produced from 100 kg of grain, the extraction rate is 82% (82÷100×100). Extraction rates vary depending on the type of flour produced. A whole grain flour, which contains all of the germ, bran, and endosperm, can have an extraction rate of close to 100%, while white all-purpose flours generally have extraction rates of around 70%. Since many of the nutrients are found in the germ and bran, flours with a higher extraction rate have a higher nutritional value.
Whole Grain and Artisan Milling
Whole grain and artisan milling is the type of milling that was practiced before the consumer market demanded smooth white flours that are refined and have chemical additives to expedite the aging of flours. Artisan milling produces flours that are less refined and better suited to traditional bread, but also contain little to no additives and have higher nutritional content. For that reason, demand for these types of flour is on the rise.
Artisan millers (also known as micro millers) process many non-stream grains, including spelt, kamut, buckwheat, and other non-gluten grains and pulses. This offers bakers opportunities to work with different grains and expand their businesses. Artisan flours are readily available directly from millers or through a distributor. Knowing the origin of the grains and the quality of the ingredients in baking is important for artisan bakers.