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3: Pathologies of the Female Reproductive System

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    96137
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    Chapter Author: Samar Hegazy, MD, Ph.D., MEHP

    About this Chapter

    The content of this chapter is appropriate for, or easily adapted for the following audiences:

    Med Ed icon.png    Health Prof icon.png

    Learning Objectives

    By the end of this chapter, learners will be able to

    • Discuss the etiological factors, pathogenesis, and clinicopathological features of common female reproductive pathologies
    • Identify abnormal histologic findings of the endometrium and compare the pathology of adenomyosis with endometriosis
    • Discuss the histology of benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus compared to malignancy.
    • Identify the histologic changes of HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, and cervical cancer, and explain the role of Gardasil in prevention.
    • Identify the most common pathogens and symptoms of pelvic infections and the risk of transmission and treatment.
    • Describe the histologic findings of ovarian neoplasms, including those derived from epithelium, sex-cord stromal, and germ cell neoplasms.

    Chapter 3 Bibliography

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    Aggarwal, Pearl and Anissa Ben Amor. "Cervical Ectropion," StatPearls (2024). This work is distributed under a CC BY-NC-ND license. Available from NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM) Bookshelf StatPearls.

    Alkilani, Yara G. and Irasema Apodaca-Ramos. “Cervical Polyps.” The American Journal of Surgery 36, no. 1 (September 4, 2023): 239. doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(37)90821-3

    Baiden-Amissah, Regina Esi Mensimah, Daniela Annibali, Sandra Tuyaerts, and Frederic Amant. “Endometrial Cancer Molecular Characterization: The Key to Identifying High-Risk Patients and Defining Guidelines for Clinical Decision-Making?” Cancers 13, no. 16 (2021): 3988. Work is distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. doi.org/10.3390/cancers13163988

    Buttram, V. C., V. Gomel, A. Siegler, A. DeCherney, W. Gibbons, and C. March. “The American Fertility Society Classifications of Adnexal Adhesions, Distal Tubal Occlusion, Tubal Occlusion Secondary to Tubal Ligation, Tubal Pregnancies, Müllerian Anomalies and Intrauterine Adhesions.” Fertility and Sterility 49, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 944–55. doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59942-7

    Camboni, Alessandra, and Etienne Marbaix. "Ectopic Endometrium: The Pathologist’s Perspective" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (2021): 0974. This work is openly licensed via CC BY 4.0 license. doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010974

    Chapron, Charles, Silvia Vannuccini, Pietro Santulli, Mauricio S Abrão, Francisco Carmona, Ian S Fraser, Stephan Gordts, et al. “Diagnosing Adenomyosis: An Integrated Clinical and Imaging Approach.” Human Reproduction Update 26, no. 3 (2020): 392–411. doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmz049

    Chen, Liang Hsuan, Wei Che Lo, Hong Yuan Huang, and Hsien Ming Wu. “A Lifelong Impact on Endometriosis: Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Treatment.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8 (2023: 7503. This work is openly licensed via CC BY license. doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087503

    Chodankar, Rohan, Hilary O.D. Critchley, and Carlos Simón. “Biomarkers in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding.” Biology of Reproduction 101, no. 6 (2019). This work is openly licensed via CC BY 4.0. license. doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy231

    Dall, Genevieve V., Anne Hamilton, Gayanie Ratnayake, Clare Scott, and Holly Barker. “Interrogating the Genomic Landscape of Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: A Potential for Patient Benefit.” Cancers 14, no. 6 (2022): 1561. This work is distributed under a CC BY license. doi.org/10.3390/cancers14061561

    De Leo, Antonio, Donatella Santini, Claudio Ceccarelli, Giacomo Santandrea, Andrea Palicelli, Giorgia Acquaviva, Federico Chiarucci, Francesca Rosini, Gloria Ravegnini, Annalisa Pession, and et al. 2021. "What Is New on Ovarian Carcinoma: Integrated Morphologic and Molecular Analysis Following the New 2020 World Health Organization Classification of Female Genital Tumors" Diagnostics 11, no. 4: 697 (2021). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11040697.

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    d’Otreppe, Juliette, Daniel Patino-García, Patryk Piekos, Matthieu de Codt, Diego D. Manavella, Guillaume E. Courtoy, and Renan Orellana. “Exploring the Endocrine Mechanisms in Adenomyosis: From Pathogenesis to Therapies.” Endocrines 5, no. 1 (2024). This work is openly licensed via CC BY license. doi.org/10.3390/endocrines5010004

    Dundr, Pavel, Naveena Singh, Barbora Nožičková, Kristýna Němejcová, Michaela Bártů, and Ivana Stružinská. “Primary Mucinous Ovarian Tumors vs. Ovarian Metastases from Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Biliary Tree: A Review of Current Problematics.” Diagnostic Pathology, 16, No. 20 (2021). This open access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0. Available from: https://rdcu.be/emRz9.

    Fun With Microbiology (What’s Buggin’ You?): Bacterial Vaginosis.” Accessed April 15, 2025. https://thunderhouse4-yuri.blogspot....vaginosis.html.

    Giannella, Luca, Camilla Grelloni, Marco Bernardi, Camilla Cicoli, Federica Lavezzo, Gianmarco Sartini, Leonardo Natalini, et al. “Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia and Concurrent Cancer: A Comprehensive Overview on a Challenging Clinical Condition.” Cancers 16, no. 5 (2024): 914. Distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 doi.org/10.3390/cancers16050914

    Groetsch, Stefan and and James W. Keck. “Cervicitis,” Clinics in Family Practice 7, no. 1 SPEC. ISS. (September 4, 2023): 43–56. doi.org/10.1016/j.cfp.2005.01.002

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    Kang, Jia, and Jie Qiao. “Impact of Congenital Uterine Anomalies on Reproductive Outcomes of IVF/ICSI-Embryo Transfer: A Retrospective Study.” European Journal of Medical Research 29, no. 1 (2024). doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01544-2

    Kesic, Vesna; Xavier Carcopino, Mario Preti, et al. "The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), the European College for the Study of Vulval Disease (ECSVD), and the European Federation for Colposcopy (EFC) Consensus Statement on the Management of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia." Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 27, No. 2 (April 2023): 131-145, https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000732. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license.

    Kesic, Vesna; Xavier Carcopino, Mario Preti, et al. "The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), the European College for the Study of Vulval Disease (ECSVD), and the European Federation for Colposcopy (EFC) Consensus Statement on the Management of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia." International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 33, No. 4 (April 2023), 446-461 https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2022-004213. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the
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    Kim, Suyeon, Hyunsik Bae, and Hyun Soo Kim. “Dedifferentiated Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterine Corpus with Heterologous Component: Clinicopathological Analysis of Five Consecutive Cases from a Single Institution and Comprehensive Literature Review.” Diagnostics 14, no. 2 (2024): 160. This work is distributed under a CC BY license. doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14020160

    Kinkel, Karen, Susan M Ascher, and Caroline Reinhold. “Benign Disease of the Uterus.” IDKD Springer Series 2018. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75019-4_3

    Koltsova, Alla S., Olga A. Efimova, and Anna A. Pendina. “A View on Uterine Leiomyoma Genesis through the Prism of Genetic, Epigenetic and Cellular Heterogeneity.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24 no. 6 (2023): 5752 This work is distributed under a CC BY 4.0 license. doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065752

    Krapf, Jill M., Leia Mitchell, Michelle A. Holton, and Andrew T. Goldstein. “Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: Current Perspectives.” International Journal of Women’s Health, 12 (2020): 11-20. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S191200. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY NC).

    Ladke, Pooja, Ashish N Ambhore, Avinash Dhok, Kajal Mitra, and Vrushali Dalvi. “A Unique Case of Unicornuate Uterus With a Non-Communicating Rudimentary Horn and Hematometra.” Cureus 14, No. 12 (2022): e32640. This work is openly licensed via CC-BY license. doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32640

    Lai, Zhen Zhen, Hui Li Yang, Si Yao Ha, Kai Kai Chang, Jie Mei, We Jie Zhou, Xue Min Qiu, et al. “Cyclooxygenase-2 in Endometriosis.” International Journal of Biological Sciences 15, no. 13 (2019). doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.35128

    Lamceva, Jelizaveta, Romans Uljanovs, and Ilze Strumfa. “The Main Theories on the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, No. 5 (2023): 4254. CC BY 4.0 doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054254

    Léonard, Boris, Frederic Kridelka, Katty Delbecque, Frederic Goffin, et al. “A Clinical and Pathological Overview of Vulvar Condyloma Acuminatum, Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma.” BioMed Research International (Feb 25, 2014), https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/480573. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the CC BY 3.0 license.

    Machado-Lopez, Alba, Carlos Simón, and Aymara Mas. “Molecular and Cellular Insights into the Development of Uterine Fibroids.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (2021): 8483. This work is distributed under a CC BY license. doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168483

    Mobeen, Sadia and Radu Aostol. “Ovarian Cyst" In StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing. (Updated January 19, 2025). This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560541/.

    Moghadam, Fazele Heydarian, Mojgan Tansaz, Soheila Aminimoghaddam, Homa Hajimehdipoor and Hamed Hosseini. “Vaginitis: Etiology and Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidants Therapy.” Reproductive Medicine International 4 (2021): 014, https://doi.org/10.23937/2643-4555/1710014. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)

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