3.4.1: Non-Neoplastic Lesions
- Page ID
- 123495
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Follicular cysts arise from unruptured Graafian follicles, often due to hormonal disturbances. They are typically asymptomatic, though they may occasionally lead to hormonal imbalances such as hyperestrogenism, resulting in conditions like endometrial hyperplasia.1
3.4.1.2 Corpus Luteum Cysts
These cysts develop from hemorrhage within a persistent corpus luteum. Clinical presentations can include menstrual irregularities, pelvic pain, and rarely, significant intraperitoneal bleeding requiring surgical intervention.2
3.4.1.3 Theca-Lutein Cysts
Theca-lutein cysts occur due to excessive stimulation by gonadotropins. They are usually bilateral and lined by luteinized theca cells. They are associated with gestational trophoblastic diseases such as hydatidiform moles or choriocarcinoma. They often resolve following treatment of the underlying condition.3
3.4.1.4 Chocolate Cysts (Endometriotic Cysts)
These cysts contain altered blood due to ovarian endometriosis. They commonly cause chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility, significantly impacting the quality of life.4
3.4.1.5 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Stein-Leventhal Syndrome)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women, characterized by amenorrhea, hirsutism, infertility, and obesity. The underlying pathophysiology involves insulin resistance, elevated luteinizing hormone (LH), and excess androgen production. There is marked thickening of the ovarian capsule and multiple small follicular cysts containing a granulosa cell layer and a luteinized theca interna associated with cortical stromal fibrosis with islands of focal luteinization.5
WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention: Use of dual-stain cytology to triage women after a positive test for human papillomavirus (HPV) [Internet]. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK604763/
Footnotes
- Mobeen, Sadia and Radu Aostol. “Ovarian Cyst" In StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing. (Updated January 19, 2025). This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560541/.
- Mobeen & Aostil, 2025.
- Mobeen & Aostil, 2025.
- Mobeen & Aostil, 2025.
- Mobeen & Aostil, 2025.