4.5: Glossary
- Page ID
- 92584
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)To review common anatomical and directional terms, please see Chapter 1. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System.
Allantois - An extra-embryonic membranous sac derived from the YOLK SAC of REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. It lies between two other extra-embryonic membranes, the AMNION and the CHORION. The allantois serves to store urinary wastes and mediate exchange of gas and nutrients for the developing embryo. [2]
Amniocentesis - A procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid. [6]
Amnion - The innermost membranous sac that surrounds and protects the developing embryo which is bathed in the AMNIOTIC FLUID. Amnion cells are secretory EPITHELIAL CELLS and contribute to the amniotic fluid. [2]
Androgens - Male sex hormones; for example, testosterone. [6]
Barbiturates - A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS. [2]
Cataract - Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology. [2]
Celiac Disease - A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION. [2]
Choriocarcinoma - A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. DNA analyses can determine tissue origins: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin. [2]
Chorionic cavity
Chorionic sac
Chorionic villi - Projections of the chorionic membrane that burrow into the endometrium and develop into the placenta. [3]
Cremaster muscles - Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS; ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE MUSCLES, transversus abdominis, pyramidalis muscles and quadratus abdominis. [2]
Cytoplasm - The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. [2]
Cytotrophoblast - Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA). [2]
Dartos muscle
Diffusion - The movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration [1]
Diploid - A cell containing two matched sets of chromosomes [6]
Ectopic Pregnancy - Implantation of an embryo outside of the uterus. [3]
Ejaculation - The emission of SEMEN to the exterior, resulting from the contraction of muscles surrounding the male internal urogenital ducts. [2]
Endometrium - inner lining of the uterus, part of which builds up during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and then sheds with menses. [1]
Facilitated diffusion - diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein [1]
Flagella - A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. [2]
Gamete - haploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring. [5]
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia - A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread. [2]
Glans penis - bulbous end of the penis that contains a large number of nerve endings. [5]
Haploid - the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid. [7]
Hemolytic disease - Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a blood disorder in a fetus or newborn infant. In some infants, it can be fatal. [4]
Hydatidiform mole - Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype. [2]
Implantation - process by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine endometrium. [3]
In utero
In vitro fertilization - A process where the ova is fertilized outside the body and then implanted into the uterus. [6]
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection - An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility. [2]
Intrauterine insemination - infertility treatment that is sometimes referred to as "artificial insemination." During this procedure, specially prepared sperm are inserted into the woman's uterus. This treatment may be recommended for couples in which the male has close to normal sperm count and motility (movement) and the ability to produce a semen sample in the office (or, under some circumstances, at home) and the woman has open, functioning fallopian tubes. [8]
Lobules
Lipid-soluble
Lumen -
Menses - shedding of the inner portion of the endometrium out though the vagina; also referred to as menstruation. [1]
Methotrexate - An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [2]
Mitochondria - cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP). [1]
Motility - The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell. [2]
Mucopolysaccharides - Mucopolysaccharides are long chains of sugar molecules that are found throughout the body, often in mucus and in fluid around the joints. They are more commonly called glycosaminoglycans. [4]
Neoplasia - New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [2]
Nuchal Translucency Measurement - A prenatal ultrasonography measurement of the soft tissue behind the fetal neck. Either the translucent area below the skin in the back of the fetal neck (nuchal translucency) or the distance between occipital bone to the outer skin line (nuchal fold) is measured. [2]
Oocyte - A cell that results from the division of the oogonium and undergoes meiosis I at the LH surge and meiosis II at fertilization to become a haploid ovum. [1]
Oogenesis -The process by which oogonia divide by mitosis to primary oocytes, which undergo meiosis to produce the secondary oocyte and, upon fertilization, the ovum. [1]
Ovum - A haploid female gamete resulting from completion of meiosis II at fertilization. [1]
paired testes
Persistalsis - A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction. [2]
Phagocytic uterine leukocytes
Chandra, A., & Copen, C. E. (2013, August 14). Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982–2010 ... cdc.gov. Retrieved February 7, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr067.pdf
Prenatal -having to do with the time a female is pregnant, before birth occurs; also called antenatal [6]
Progesterone - sex hormone important in regulating the reproductive cycle in those with ovaries and the maintenance of pregnancy. [1]
Pronuclei
Raphae
Scrotum - external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes. [5]
Scrotal septum
Secrete
Sperm - (also, spermatozoon) male gamete. [5]
Spermatozoa - (singular = spermatogonium) diploid precursor cells that become sperm [1]
Syncytiotrophoblast - superficial cells of the trophoblast that fuse to form a multinucleated body that digests endometrial cells to firmly secure the blastocyst to the uterine wall. [3]
Testes - The testes (singular = testis) are the male gonads—that is, the male reproductive organs. They produce both sperm and androgens, such as testosterone, and are active throughout the reproductive lifespan. [5]
Testosterone - A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL. [2]
Trisomy 21/Down Syndrome - A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra CHROMOSOME 21 or an effective TRISOMY for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include HYPOTONIA, short stature, BRACHYCEPHALY, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, single transverse palmar crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. [2]
Trophoblast - fluid-filled shell of squamous cells destined to become the chorionic villi, placenta, and associated fetal membranes. [3]
Trophobalstic tumor - Trophoblastic growth, which may be gestational or nongestational in origin. Trophoblastic neoplasia resulting from pregnancy is often described as gestational trophoblastic disease to distinguish it from germ cell tumors which frequently show trophoblastic elements, and from the trophoblastic differentiation which sometimes occurs in a wide variety of epithelial cancers. Gestational trophoblastic growth has several forms, including HYDATIDIFORM MOLE and CHORIOCARCINOMA. [2]
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vaginalis
Uterine tubes - (also, fallopian tubes or oviducts) ducts that facilitate transport of an ovulated oocyte to the uterus. [1]
Vas deferens - The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct. [2]
Yolk sac - membrane associated with primitive circulation to the developing embryo; source of the first blood cells and germ cells and contributes to the umbilical cord structure. [3]
Zona pellucida - A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM. It is penetrated by the sperm during FERTILIZATION. [2]
References
- Menefee, Whitney, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, and Kim-Lelioni Nguyen. 2021. LibreTexts Human Anatomy (OERI). CC BY https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelv...ductive_System
- National Library of Medicine(NLM). Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?Db...BMeSH+Terms%5D. Public Domain.
- Lange et al. 2023 General Human Anatomy. LibreTexts, https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelv...ic_Development. This page titled 24.2: Embryonic Development is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology (CC BY 4.0). Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology.
- MedlinePlus. MedlinePlus.org. https://medlineplus.gov/ Public Domain.
- Lange et al. 2023 General Human Anatomy. LibreTexts, https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelv...ic_Development. his page titled 23.2: Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jennifer Lange et al..
- Nelson, Andrea nd Katherine Greene. "2. Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professions Glossary." Shared under a CC BY 4.0 license. Original source: https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/medicalterminology.
- National Human Genome Research Institute. Talking Glossary of Genomic and Genetic Terms. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Infertility: Frequenctly Asked Questions." Rerpoductive Health. (May 2024). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/infertility-faq/