12.1F: Vitamin D Deficiency, Toxicity and Insufficiency

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Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency in infants and children. A lack of vitamin D leads to decreased bone mineralization, causing the bones to become weak. The bones then bow under pressure, leading to the characteristic bowed legs, as seen below.

Figure 12.161.png

Figure 12.161 Children suffering from rickets¹

Figure 12.162.png

Figure 12.162 X-ray from child suffering from rickets²

Another characteristic symptom of rickets is rachitic rosary, or beaded ribs. The beading occurs at the areas where cartilage meets bone on the rib cage, as shown in the link below³.

Web Link

Rachitic Rosary

Osteomalacia is a vitamin D deficiency in adults and results in poor bone mineralization. The bone becomes soft, resulting in bone pain and an increased risk of fractures³.

While rickets and osteomalacia are fairly rare in the United States, it is believed that vitamin D insufficiency might be much more widespread. Insufficiency means that the level of intake, or body status, is suboptimal (neither deficient nor optimal). The figure below illustrates this concept.

Figure 12.163.png

Figure 12.163 Illustration of insufficient or suboptimal levels

Suboptimal/insufficient means intake, or status, is higher than deficient, but lower than optimal. Thus, higher intake levels will provide additional benefits. The functions of vitamin D are growing by the day due to increased research discoveries. These functions now include benefits beyond bone health, further supporting the importance of vitamin D. In late 2010, an RDA for vitamin D was established (was an Adequate Intake before). This made it, along with calcium, the first micronutrients to have their DRIs revised⁴. The RDA for vitamin D is 3 times higher than the previous AI. Many believe these are more reasonable levels, while others think that the new RDA is still not high enough. This belief, that many people’s vitamin D intake/status is suboptimal, is challenged by a recent review described in the link below that found that vitamin D did not reduce osteoporosis risk. In addition, a recent meta-analysis (second link) concluded that “there is probably no benefit to expect from vitamin D supplementation in normally healthy people.”

Web Link

Vitamin D Ineffective for Preventing Osteoporosis

Limits of Vitamin D Supplements

Vitamin D from supplements can become toxic. You cannot develop vitamin D toxicity from sun exposure, because the sunlight degrades a precursor of vitamin D₃ in the skin⁵. Vitamin D toxicity results in hypercalcemia or high blood calcium levels. These become problematic because it can lead to the calcification of soft tissues.

References & Links

1. en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rickets_USNLM.gif

2. en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xr...sLegssmall.jpg

3.Whitney E, Rolfes SR. (2011) Understanding nutrition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

4. http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Rep...Vitamin-D.aspx

5. Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, editors. (2006) Modern nutrition in health and disease. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Links

Rachitic Rosary - 1.bp.blogspot.com/_ZWqgYBROGH...1600/18111.jpg

Vitamin D Ineffective for Preventing Osteoporosis - well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/1...-osteoporosis/?

Limits of Vitamin D Supplements - well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/1...d-supplements/?