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- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/10%3A_The_Cardiovascular_System_-_Blood/10.07%3A_Blood_TypingBlood transfusions in humans were risky procedures until the discovery of the major human blood groups by Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian biologist and physician, in 1900. Until that point, physicians d...Blood transfusions in humans were risky procedures until the discovery of the major human blood groups by Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian biologist and physician, in 1900. Until that point, physicians did not understand that death sometimes followed blood transfusions, when the type of donor blood infused into the patient was incompatible with the patient’s own blood. Blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of specific marker molecules on the plasma membranes of erythrocytes.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/13%3A_The_Lymphatic_and_Immune_System/13.01%3A_IntroductionAcquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) turned out to be a new disease caused by the previously unknown human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although nearly 100 percent fatal in those with active HI...Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) turned out to be a new disease caused by the previously unknown human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although nearly 100 percent fatal in those with active HIV infections in the early years, the development of anti-HIV drugs has transformed HIV infection into a chronic, manageable disease and not the certain death sentence it once was. One positive outcome resulting was that the public’s attention became focused on functional and healthy immune systems.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/08%3A_The_Autonomic_Nervous_SystemThe autonomic nervous system is often associated with the “fight-or-flight response,” which refers to the preparation of the body to either run away from a threat or to stand and fight in the face of ...The autonomic nervous system is often associated with the “fight-or-flight response,” which refers to the preparation of the body to either run away from a threat or to stand and fight in the face of that threat. If your boss is walking down the hallway on Friday afternoon looking for “volunteers” to come in on the weekend, your response is the same as the prehistoric human seeing the lioness running across the savannah: fight or flight.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/17%3A_The_Urinary_System/17.02%3A_Physical_Characteristics_of_UrineCharacteristics of the urine change, depending on influences such as water intake, exercise, environmental temperature, nutrient intake, and other factors (Table 25.1.1). Some of the characteristics s...Characteristics of the urine change, depending on influences such as water intake, exercise, environmental temperature, nutrient intake, and other factors (Table 25.1.1). Some of the characteristics such as color and odor are rough descriptors of your state of hydration. For example, if you exercise or work outside, and sweat a great deal, your urine will turn darker and produce a slight odor, even if you drink plenty of water. Athletes are often advised to consume water until urine is cleear.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/18%3A_Fluid_Electrolyte_and_Acid-Base_BalanceHomeostasis, or the maintenance of constant conditions in the body, is a fundamental property of all living things. In the human body, the substances that participate in chemical reactions must remain...Homeostasis, or the maintenance of constant conditions in the body, is a fundamental property of all living things. In the human body, the substances that participate in chemical reactions must remain within narrows ranges of concentration. Too much or too little of a single substance can disrupt your bodily functions. Because metabolism relies on reactions that are all interconnected, any disruption might affect multiple organs or even organ systems.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/05%3A_The_Nervous_System_and_Nervous_Tissue/5.03%3A_Nervous_TissueNervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. They are responsible for the comput...Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. They are responsible for the computation and communication that the nervous system provides. They are electrically active and release chemical signals to target cells. Glial cells, or glia, are known to play a supporting role for nervous tissue.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/00%3A_Front_Matter
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/04%3A_Muscle_TissueMuscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract. This is opposed to other components or tissues in muscle such as tendons or perim...Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract. This is opposed to other components or tissues in muscle such as tendons or perimysium. Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body. In mammals the three types are: skeletal or striated muscle; smooth or non-striated muscle; and cardiac muscle, which is sometimes known as semi-striated.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/02%3A_The_Chemical_Level_of_OrganizationChapter Overview Human chemistry includes organic molecules (carbon-based) and biochemicals (those produced by the body). Human chemistry also includes elements. In fact, life cannot exist without man...Chapter Overview Human chemistry includes organic molecules (carbon-based) and biochemicals (those produced by the body). Human chemistry also includes elements. In fact, life cannot exist without many of the elements that are part of the earth. All of the elements that contribute to chemical reactions, to the transformation of energy, and to electrical activity and muscle contraction—elements that include phosphorus, carbon, sodium, and calcium, to name a few—originated in stars.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/13%3A_The_Lymphatic_and_Immune_System/13.04%3A_The_Adaptive_Immune_Response_-_T_Lymphocytes_and_Their_Functional_TypesInnate immune responses (and early induced responses) are in many cases ineffective at completely controlling pathogen growth. However, they slow pathogen growth and allow time for the adaptive immune...Innate immune responses (and early induced responses) are in many cases ineffective at completely controlling pathogen growth. However, they slow pathogen growth and allow time for the adaptive immune response to strengthen and either control or eliminate the pathogen. The innate immune system also sends signals to the cells of the adaptive immune system, guiding them in how to attack the pathogen. Thus, these are the two important arms of the immune response.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Skyline_College/Human_Physiology_for_Allied_Health_Professionals/17%3A_The_Urinary_System/17.09%3A_Regulation_of_Fluid_Volume_and_CompositionThe major hormones influencing total body water are ADH, aldosterone, and ANH. Circumstances that lead to fluid depletion in the body include blood loss and dehydration. Homeostasis requires that volu...The major hormones influencing total body water are ADH, aldosterone, and ANH. Circumstances that lead to fluid depletion in the body include blood loss and dehydration. Homeostasis requires that volume and osmolarity be preserved. Blood volume is important in maintaining sufficient blood pressure, and there are nonrenal mechanisms involved in its preservation, including vasoconstriction, which can act within seconds of a drop in pressure.
