This section provides an overview of osteoporosis and osteopenia, focusing on pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical presentations. It discusses the diagnostic process and highlights the role of ...This section provides an overview of osteoporosis and osteopenia, focusing on pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical presentations. It discusses the diagnostic process and highlights the role of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as a key diagnostic tool. The nursing care strategies for managing these conditions include recognizing risk factors, promoting patient independence, and encouraging lifestyle changes.