This section provides a comprehensive overview of the cardiovascular system, focusing on the anatomy and physiology of the heart, its chambers, valves, arteries, veins, and cardiac muscle. It explains...This section provides a comprehensive overview of the cardiovascular system, focusing on the anatomy and physiology of the heart, its chambers, valves, arteries, veins, and cardiac muscle. It explains how these structures function together to maintain cardiovascular health. Key concepts like cardiac output, stroke volume, preload, and afterload are defined, with emphasis on their roles in the heart's mechanical and physiological processes.
This section provides an overview of heart failure (HF), focusing on its pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. It highlights diagnostics, laboratory values, and the importance of...This section provides an overview of heart failure (HF), focusing on its pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. It highlights diagnostics, laboratory values, and the importance of applying nursing concepts and planning nursing care for patients with HF. The page also discusses medical therapies, emphasizing pharmacological agents such as beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and nitrates.
