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- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_South_Carolina_Upstate/Nursing_Fundamentals_(OpenRN)/13%3A_Nutrition/13.02%3A_Nutrition_Basic_ConceptsAs chyme is moved out of the stomach and into the duodenum of the small intestine, it is mixed with bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas for further digestion. Villi incr...As chyme is moved out of the stomach and into the duodenum of the small intestine, it is mixed with bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas for further digestion. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine and allow nutrients, such as protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, and minerals, to absorb through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville/Essentials_of_Physiology_for_Nurse_Anesthetists_I_(Gopalan)/01%3A_Cell_Physiology/1.06%3A_Cellular_MetabolismThis page explains that the human body is about two-thirds water and contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, minerals, and vitamins. Metabolism is divided into catabolism, which break...This page explains that the human body is about two-thirds water and contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, minerals, and vitamins. Metabolism is divided into catabolism, which breaks down food for energy, and anabolism, which uses that energy to build molecules. These processes are interrelated, with catabolism providing energy for anabolism. The metabolic rate is influenced by age, gender, activity level, genetics, and lifestyle choices.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville/Essentials_of_Physiology_for_Nurse_Anesthetists_I_(Gopalan)/01%3A_Cell_Physiology/1.01%3A_ObjectivesThis page outlines key learning objectives related to cell structure and function, emphasizing the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It covers the fluid mosaic model, transport mechanisms, organe...This page outlines key learning objectives related to cell structure and function, emphasizing the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It covers the fluid mosaic model, transport mechanisms, organelle functions, metabolism, and historical milestones in cell discovery. Additionally, it discusses the importance of homeostasis and cell specialization, categorizes organelles, distinguishes protein types, and details metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and respiration.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville/Essentials_of_Physiology_for_Nurse_Anesthetists_I_(Gopalan)/08%3A_The_Blood/8.06%3A_Blood_PlasmaThis page explains that plasma is 92% water and contains various organic and inorganic substances, including proteins. Plasma proteins are divided into albumin (54%), globulins (38%), and fibrinogen (...This page explains that plasma is 92% water and contains various organic and inorganic substances, including proteins. Plasma proteins are divided into albumin (54%), globulins (38%), and fibrinogen (7%). Albumin transports fatty acids and regulates osmotic pressure, globulins are key for immune response, and fibrinogen is crucial for blood clotting. Additionally, serum, the liquid part of blood post-clotting, is utilized in diagnostic tests.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/01%3A_Chemicals/1.08%3A_ProteinsProteins are the third main group of organic compounds in the cell - in fact if you dried out a cell you would find that about 2/3 of the dry dust you were left with would consist of protein. In the c...Proteins are the third main group of organic compounds in the cell - in fact if you dried out a cell you would find that about 2/3 of the dry dust you were left with would consist of protein. In the cell, proteins are an important part of the plasma membrane of the cell, but their most essential role is as enzymes. When the enzymes in the gut digest proteins they break them down into the separate amino acids, which are small enough to be absorbed into the blood.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/Medical-Surgical_Nursing_(OpenStax)/19%3A_Gastrointestinal_System_and_Disorders/19.00%3A_IntroductionThe gastrointestinal (GI) system, also known as the digestive system, plays crucial roles such as digestion, absorption, elimination, and immune response. It breaks down food and absorbs nutrients int...The gastrointestinal (GI) system, also known as the digestive system, plays crucial roles such as digestion, absorption, elimination, and immune response. It breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream, which are essential for growth, energy, and bodily processes. Disorders affecting the digestive system's function can significantly impact health and well-being and elevate the risk of chronic conditions. Proper nutrition is vital for overall health.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville/Essentials_of_Physiology_for_Nurse_Anesthetists_I_(Gopalan)/01%3A_Cell_Physiology/1.06%3A_Cellular_Metabolism/1.6.01%3A_Catabolic_and_Anabolic_ReactionsThis page explains that catabolic reactions decompose large molecules like glucose, releasing energy stored as ATP, while losing 60% as heat. ATP is involved in energy cycling through phosphorylation ...This page explains that catabolic reactions decompose large molecules like glucose, releasing energy stored as ATP, while losing 60% as heat. ATP is involved in energy cycling through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Anabolic reactions utilize ATP to create complex molecules necessary for cellular structure, including proteins and triglycerides.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville/Essentials_of_Physiology_for_Nurse_Anesthetists_I_(Gopalan)/01%3A_Cell_Physiology/1.05%3A_The_Cytoplasm_and_Cellular_Organelles/1.5.06%3A_The_CytoskeletonThis page describes the cytoskeleton as a protein structure providing support, mobility, and transportation for cells. It consists of microtubules for cell shape and organelle positioning, microfilame...This page describes the cytoskeleton as a protein structure providing support, mobility, and transportation for cells. It consists of microtubules for cell shape and organelle positioning, microfilaments like actin crucial for muscle function, and intermediate filaments made of keratin that offer strength and anchor organelles. These components collectively maintain cellular integrity and facilitate essential cellular functions.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/Nursing_Fundamentals_(OpenRN)/14%3A_Nutrition/14.02%3A_Nutrition_Basic_ConceptsAs chyme is moved out of the stomach and into the duodenum of the small intestine, it is mixed with bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas for further digestion. Villi incr...As chyme is moved out of the stomach and into the duodenum of the small intestine, it is mixed with bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas for further digestion. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine and allow nutrients, such as protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, and minerals, to absorb through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/11%3A_The_Gut_and_Digestion/11.19%3A_The_LiverThe liver is situated in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the diaphragm (see diagrams 2 and 14). Glucose is absorbed into the capillaries of the villi of the intestine. The blood stream takes it direc...The liver is situated in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the diaphragm (see diagrams 2 and 14). Glucose is absorbed into the capillaries of the villi of the intestine. The blood stream takes it directly to the liver via a blood vessel known as the hepatic portal vessel or vein (see diagram 11.15). It releases this back into the blood to keep the level of glucose constant. Diagram 11.16 - Summary of the main functions of the different regions of the gut
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sports_and_Exercise/Open_Textbook_of_Exercise_Physiology_(MacIntosh)/03%3A_Integration_of_Exercise_Physiology/3.03%3A_Chapter_14-_Molecular_Basis_of_Exercise_Training_Adaptations_in_Skeletal_MuscleTraditionally, this kind of adaptation has been observed with endurance training, but more recently it has been shown to occur with different forms of sprint training, which produce adaptations in typ...Traditionally, this kind of adaptation has been observed with endurance training, but more recently it has been shown to occur with different forms of sprint training, which produce adaptations in type IIx fibres as well.In order to understand how these adaptations in muscle occur, it is important the review the pathway of gene expression and how it is activated in response to different exercise stimuli.
