7.5: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 109350
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- afebrile
- when a patient’s temperature is back at their normal baseline and is no longer elevated to indicate a fever
- arrhythmia
- an abnormal heart rhythm caused by irregularities in electrical conduction through the heart or injury to the heart muscle itself
- arterial line
- a thin, hollow, flexible tube that is placed into a peripheral artery, such as the wrist or groin
- arterial pressure monitoring
- an invasive method of continuous blood pressure monitoring
- automatic blood pressure
- blood pressure taken using an automated blood pressure machine; no stethoscope is required
- blood pressure
- the pressure of blood as it presses against arterial walls
- brachial artery
- pulse point located on each side of the upper arm on the medial aspect superior to the antecubital fossa
- bradycardia
- when the heart rate (HR) is lower than the accepted norm of 60 beats per minute (bpm)
- carotid artery
- pulse point located on each side of the neck lateral to and above the trachea
- conduction
- a mechanism of heat transfer in which the skin encounters a cooler object, thus lowering its temperature
- convection
- a mechanism of heat transfer in which cooler air surrounds the body to cool it down
- diastolic blood pressure
- represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole
- doppler blood pressure
- blood pressure taken using a Doppler machine
- doppler ultrasound device
- a handheld ultrasound tool that allows the examiner to hear the whooshing sound of the pulse
- dorsalis pedis artery
- pulse point located roughly atop both feet
- evaporation
- the transfer of heat through dissipation of sweat from the skin, thus cooling the body
- expiration
- the act of exhalation or breathing out
- external respiration
- the act of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide
- febrile
- with fever
- femoral artery
- pulse point located in the groin
- heart rate
- the number of times the heart beats in one minute
- homeostasis
- the process by which the human body maintains balance by adjusting to internal and external stimuli
- hypertension
- elevated blood pressure readings of 130/80 mm Hg or higher
- hyperthermia
- a condition that occurs when the core body temperature is more than 105.8°F (41°C)
- hypotension
- low blood pressure readings less than 90/60 mm Hg
- hypothermia
- a condition that occurs when the core body temperature is less than 95°F (35°C)
- inspiration
- the act of inhalation or breathing in
- internal respiration
- the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and the cells
- Korotkoff
- pulse sound heard when obtaining a manual blood pressure
- left ventricular assist device
- a type of cardiovascular device that supports heart function by stimulating the left ventricle to beat
- manual blood pressure
- blood pressure reading taken using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope
- mean arterial pressure (MAP)
- represents the “average” pressure of blood in the arteries, that is, the average force driving blood into vessels that serve the tissues
- normothermia
- the targeted range for normal temperature
- orthostatic hypotension
- a drop in blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic within three minutes when moving from a lying down (supine) or seated position to a standing (upright) position
- oxygen saturation
- measurement of the arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) of arterial blood
- palpation
- feeling with hands or fingers
- popliteal artery
- pulse point located behind both knees
- posterior tibial artery
- pulse point located posterior to the medial aspect of the ankle
- pulse
- the palpable way to assess the brief pressure increase in the arteries causing them to temporarily expand as the left ventricle pumps blood through them
- pulse equality
- a comparison of the pulse forces on both sides of the body
- pulse force
- the strength of the pulsation felt on palpation
- pulse oximeter
- a machine utilized to measure the oxygen saturation of blood
- pulse point
- where the artery is close to the surface
- pulse pressure
- the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
- pulse rate
- counted with the first beat felt by your fingers as “One.” It is considered best practice to assess a patient’s pulse for a full sixty seconds, especially if there is an irregularity to the rhythm
- pyrexia
- fever; a state outside of normal body thermoregulation where the core temperature is greater than 100.4°F (38°C)
- radial artery
- pulse point located at each wrist below the base of the thumb
- radiation
- heat from the body moving to cooler air, thus cooling the body
- respiration
- the action of breathing, including inhalation and exhalation
- respiratory acidosis
- having a blood pH less than 7.35 with a concurrent increase in carbon dioxide (CO2)
- respiratory alkalosis
- a systemic acid-base disorder that is caused by a reduction in carbon dioxide and a pH greater than 7.45
- sphygmomanometer
- manual blood pressure cuff
- systolic blood pressure
- reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole
- tachycardia
- heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute
- thermoregulation
- the automatic regulation of temperature that is carried out by the hypothalamus
- vital sign
- five key metrics of homeostasis—temperature, pulse (heart rate), blood pressure, respirations, and oxygen saturation—that are used by nurses and other members of the medical profession to ascertain a patient’s current physical status
- white coat hypertension
- sometimes called white coat syndrome; elevated blood pressure that results from a person’s conscious or unconscious fear and anxiety at being at the doctor’s office or in the presence of healthcare personnel