32.4: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 110581
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- actual self
- the attributes that an individual believes they possess, based on personal information as well as input from others
- acute stress
- short-term stress encountered in daily life
- agreeableness
- one of the Big Five personality traits; includes characteristics such as empathy, respectfulness, and ability to trust others
- Bandura’s self-efficacy theory of motivation
- individuals with a high sense of self-efficacy have a great deal of self-confidence based on their mastery in previous situations and the positive feedback they received about their performance
- body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
- a mental health condition characterized by obsessive preoccupation with perceived flaws or defects in physical appearance that are not observable or appear minor to others
- body image
- a component of self-concept that reflects an individual’s perception and evaluation of their physical appearance, based on societal standards, cultural norms, and personal experiences
- chronic stress
- ongoing stress caused by long-term problems
- cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
- a structured talk therapy that focuses on problematic thinking and behaviors and helps to create healthy thinking, behaviors, and coping skills
- competence
- the degree of effectiveness and proficiency individuals perceive in themselves
- conscientiousness
- one of the Big Five personality traits; includes characteristics such as self-discipline, goal setting, productivity, and competence
- episodic acute stress
- stress that happens routinely, causing ongoing frustration
- extroversion
- one of the Big Five personality traits; includes characteristics such as sociability and openness
- false self
- pretending to be someone we are not
- global self
- idea that we are all part of a collective being, or global family, and our actions have far-reaching impacts
- ideal self
- attributes that individuals aspire to possess
- identity confusion
- occurs in response to grief when individuals feel that part of themselves also died when their loved one died
- impostor syndrome
- a psychological pattern in which individuals doubt their skills, talents, or accomplishments and have a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a “fraud”
- neuroticism
- one of the Big Five personality traits; focuses on emotional stability
- openness to experience
- one of the Big Five personality traits; includes characteristics such as creativity and intellectual curiosity
- ought self
- the internalized expectations and standards that individuals believe they should or must adhere to in order to meet external demands, social norms, or moral obligations
- personal identity
- a component of self-concept that involves the sense of individuality, including personal traits and beliefs, that distinguishes a person from others
- power
- an individual’s perception of their ability to influence or control outcomes, resources, or other individuals within their social environment
- reflected appraisal
- the influence on our self-concept based on what others think of us
- role performance
- how individuals perceive and execute their roles in different contexts within the family, work, or social environment
- Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
- a widely used self-report instrument for evaluating individual self-esteem
- self-awareness
- being able to recognize and understand one’s own emotions
- self-concept
- the organized and consistent set of perceptions and beliefs an individual holds about themselves; includes an individual’s self-esteem, self-image, self-identity, and social identity
- self-efficacy
- an individual’s belief that they can control their own capabilities and circumstances to achieve success
- self-esteem
- the overall positive or negative evaluation of oneself that reflects an individual’s feelings of self-worth and confidence
- self-evaluation
- the process by which individuals evaluate their own thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and overall sense of self
- self-expectation
- an individual’s perspective on what they should do, think, or feel
- self-identity
- personal characteristics, roles, and affiliations that define an individual
- self-image
- the mental and emotional view of one’s physical appearance and abilities
- self-knowledge
- a philosophical term used to identify how individuals perceive their mental state, based on emotions, personality traits, relationships, behavioral patterns, opinions, beliefs, values, needs, goals, preferences, and social identity
- self-perception
- how individuals perceive themselves in terms of their abilities, competencies, and characteristics
- self-reflection
- thoughtful contemplation about one’s actions, motivations, and personal growth, based on the evaluation of one’s values, goals, and standards
- social comparison theory
- process of evaluating ourselves in comparison to others and using those judgments to influence our self-concept
- social identity
- concept of self that is formed through connections with societal groups
- symbolic interactionism
- a model positing that the way we see ourselves is influenced by how others see us
- virtue
- the moral dimension of self-evaluation, encompassing individuals’ reflections on their character, values, and ethical conduct