13.7: Key Terms

affective

relates to mood, feelings, emotion, and attitudes

akathisia

continuous restlessness, inability to sit still; clients may say they feel hyperactive deep inside their body

angioedema

fluid buildup in the deeper layers of the skin causing edema; considered a type of allergic reaction

anterograde amnesia

short-term memory loss

anxiety

a feeling of nervousness, apprehension, and/or worry about a future threat

anxiolytics

drugs that treat anxiety

asociality

lack of interest in social interactions

avolition

total lack of motivation

bipolar disorder

a disorder that causes intense changes in a person’s mood (ranging from manic to depressive), energy, and ability to function

cardiotoxicity

adverse drug reactions that can negatively affect the structure and function of the heart

cataplexy

associated with narcolepsy; brief loss of voluntary muscle tone triggered by strong emotion

catatonia

state in which someone is awake but does not appropriately respond to other people and their environment; can affect someone’s movement, speech, and behavior

cognitive-behavioral therapy

type of psychotherapeutic method that helps people identify maladaptive and negative patterns of thinking that cause a negative influence on behavior and mood; this thinking is challenged and replaced with more desirable, realistic thoughts.

cytochrome P450 enzyme system

enzymes responsible for breaking down drugs to their active or inactive metabolites; these can be inhibited or induced by drugs altering drug metabolism

depot injection

an injection that releases medication very slowly so it increases the duration of action

depression

a disorder in which the person experiences feelings of sadness, anger, frustration, hopelessness, and helplessness

dystonia

spasms of the tongue, neck, back, and legs; the spasms may cause unnatural positioning of the neck and eyes and excessive salivation

extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)

variety of movement disorders, such as tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, or bradykinesia, experienced as a result of taking dopamine antagonists

hyperpyrexia

drug-induced elevation of body temperature and muscle rigidity

hypersomnia

excessive sleeping at night or excessive fatigue during the day

hypnagogic hallucinations

sleep-related hallucinations that occur as a person is falling asleep; commonly visual and consist of vivid images of patterns, shapes, or people; occasionally may involve sounds or physical sensations

monoamine

a drug molecule that contains a single amine group, such as a neurotransmitter or hormone

paradoxical medication effects

when a medication causes an effect opposite to its intended outcome

parasomnia

any kind of sleep-related disorder that occurs while going to sleep, during the sleep cycle, or when waking up from sleep; symptoms vary but the most common include nightmares, night terrors, sleep paralysis, grinding teeth, sleepwalking, sleep eating, and sleep talking

prodrug

a drug that is pharmacologically inactive until it is ingested and metabolized into an active form

pseudoparkinsonism

an adverse effect of antipsychotics that mimics the manifestations of Parkinson’s disease, such as shuffling gait, stooped posture, and muscle tremors

psychopharmacology

studies the effects that medications can have on the mind

psychosis

loss of external reality

psychotropic medication

drug that changes the functions of the nervous system and alters a person’s mental status

sedative-hypnotic

class of drugs used to induce or maintain sleep

sleep latency

the amount of time it takes a person to fall asleep once they go to bed

sleep paralysis

a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking

tardive dyskinesia

abnormal muscle movements such as lip smacking, tongue darting in and out of mouth, chewing movements without food in mouth, and slow, aimless extremity movements

xerostomia

dry mouth; usually due to inadequate fluid intake or can be drug-induced