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affective
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relates to mood, feelings, emotion, and attitudes
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akathisia
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continuous restlessness, inability to sit still; clients may say they feel hyperactive deep inside their body
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angioedema
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fluid buildup in the deeper layers of the skin causing edema; considered a type of allergic reaction
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anterograde amnesia
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short-term memory loss
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anxiety
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a feeling of nervousness, apprehension, and/or worry about a future threat
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anxiolytics
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drugs that treat anxiety
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asociality
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lack of interest in social interactions
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avolition
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total lack of motivation
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bipolar disorder
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a disorder that causes intense changes in a person’s mood (ranging from manic to depressive), energy, and ability to function
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cardiotoxicity
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adverse drug reactions that can negatively affect the structure and function of the heart
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cataplexy
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associated with narcolepsy; brief loss of voluntary muscle tone triggered by strong emotion
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catatonia
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state in which someone is awake but does not appropriately respond to other people and their environment; can affect someone’s movement, speech, and behavior
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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type of psychotherapeutic method that helps people identify maladaptive and negative patterns of thinking that cause a negative influence on behavior and mood; this thinking is challenged and replaced with more desirable, realistic thoughts.
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cytochrome P450 enzyme system
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enzymes responsible for breaking down drugs to their active or inactive metabolites; these can be inhibited or induced by drugs altering drug metabolism
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depot injection
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an injection that releases medication very slowly so it increases the duration of action
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depression
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a disorder in which the person experiences feelings of sadness, anger, frustration, hopelessness, and helplessness
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dystonia
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spasms of the tongue, neck, back, and legs; the spasms may cause unnatural positioning of the neck and eyes and excessive salivation
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extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
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variety of movement disorders, such as tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, or bradykinesia, experienced as a result of taking dopamine antagonists
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hyperpyrexia
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drug-induced elevation of body temperature and muscle rigidity
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hypersomnia
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excessive sleeping at night or excessive fatigue during the day
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hypnagogic hallucinations
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sleep-related hallucinations that occur as a person is falling asleep; commonly visual and consist of vivid images of patterns, shapes, or people; occasionally may involve sounds or physical sensations
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monoamine
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a drug molecule that contains a single amine group, such as a neurotransmitter or hormone
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paradoxical medication effects
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when a medication causes an effect opposite to its intended outcome
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parasomnia
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any kind of sleep-related disorder that occurs while going to sleep, during the sleep cycle, or when waking up from sleep; symptoms vary but the most common include nightmares, night terrors, sleep paralysis, grinding teeth, sleepwalking, sleep eating, and sleep talking
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prodrug
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a drug that is pharmacologically inactive until it is ingested and metabolized into an active form
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pseudoparkinsonism
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an adverse effect of antipsychotics that mimics the manifestations of Parkinson’s disease, such as shuffling gait, stooped posture, and muscle tremors
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psychopharmacology
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studies the effects that medications can have on the mind
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psychosis
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loss of external reality
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psychotropic medication
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drug that changes the functions of the nervous system and alters a person’s mental status
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sedative-hypnotic
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class of drugs used to induce or maintain sleep
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sleep latency
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the amount of time it takes a person to fall asleep once they go to bed
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sleep paralysis
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a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking
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tardive dyskinesia
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abnormal muscle movements such as lip smacking, tongue darting in and out of mouth, chewing movements without food in mouth, and slow, aimless extremity movements
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xerostomia
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dry mouth; usually due to inadequate fluid intake or can be drug-induced