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acute kidney injury (AKI)
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a decrease in kidney function that has an abrupt onset and is possibly reversible, manifested by decreased urine output and/or increased serum creatinine; previously known as acute renal failure
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ascites
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abnormal fluid present between the peritoneum and the abdominal organs
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chronic renal disease (CRD)
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a state of progressive decline of kidney function from a glomerular filtration rate of 59 mL/minute/1.73 m
2
to a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/minute/1.73 m
2
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diuretic braking
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a progressive decrease in urinary output after repeated doses of loop diuretics
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diuretic resistance
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the state in which the maximum dose of a loop diuretic fails to produce the anticipated effect on fluid volume status because successive doses of the drug trigger hypertrophy of the distal tubule, increasing sodium reabsorption
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end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
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the condition that exists when the glomerular filtration rate falls below 15 mL/minute/1.73 m
2
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glomerular filtration rate
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the rate at which the kidneys filter blood; indicates kidney function
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hyperkalemia
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serum potassium level greater than 5.2 mEq/L
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hypernatremia
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serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L
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hypervolemia
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body fluid overload, which includes excess fluid volume and edema
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hypokalemia
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serum potassium level less than 3.5 mEq/L
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hyponatremia
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serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L
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hypovolemia
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decreased extracellular fluid volume associated with sodium and water loss
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loop diuretics
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drugs that interrupt the reabsorption of sodium and water in the loop of Henle, resulting in increased urinary output
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nephrotic syndrome
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a group of renal alterations that result in abnormal renal excretion of large amounts of protein
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nocturia
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the need to frequently void during the night, interrupting sleep
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osmotic diuretics
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drugs that draw fluid from the cells by increasing osmotic pressure
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ototoxicity
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temporary or permanent damage to the inner ear due to drug therapy
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potassium-sparing diuretics
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drugs that interrupt sodium and water reabsorption while retaining potassium and increasing urinary output
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sodium–potassium–chloride cotransporter (Na-K-2Cl or NKCC2)
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a protein that facilitates transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells
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thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
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drugs that increase urinary output by reabsorbing sodium and retaining potassium in the nephron