1.1: Fundamental Knowledge
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Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks (Healthy People 2030). The impact of SDOH is a global concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined SDOH as “a wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. These forces and systems include economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies, and political systems” (WHO, 2023, para. 1). The WHO asserts that appropriately addressing SDOH is fundamental for improving health and reducing longstanding inequities in health, which requires action by all sectors and civil society (WHO, 2023).
SDOH have a major impact on people's health and well-being and is one of five overarching goals of Healthy People 2030. The goal specifically related to SDOH is to “create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all” (Healthy People 2030). The SDOH can be grouped into five domains. Each of the five domains evaluates specific determinants and how they affect health outcomes and health disparities. The domains and the associated determinants are listed in Table 1.1.
| SDOH Domain | Associated Determinant |
|---|---|
 Economic Stability |
Employment Food Insecurity Housing Stability Poverty |
 Education Access and Quality |
Early Childhood Development and Education Enrollment in Higher Education High School Graduation Language and Literacy |
 Health Care Access and Quality |
Access to Health Services Access to Primary Care Health Literacy |
 Neighborhood and Built Environment |
Access to Food That Support Healthy Dietary Patterns Crime and Violence Environmental Conditions Quality of Housing |
 Social and Community Context |
Civil Participation Discrimination Incarceration Social Cohesion |
Note. Adapted from Healthy People 2030. Healthy People 2030, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved from https://health.gov/healthypeople/pri...ure-summaries#