5.2.2: FRAME 2- Analyze Cues

CORRECT Answer

Question Type: Matrix Multiple Choice

Scoring: 0/1

NCSBN Item Type and Scoring: https://www.ncsbn.org/public-files/p...main_stage.pdf

What social determinants of health (SDOH) can contribute to health disparities (HD) for Stanley?

SDOH	Contribute to HD	Does Not Contribute to HD
Poverty	X
Rural community	X
COPD		X
Lack of green space	X
Disrepair sidewalks	X
Education	X
Asthma		X
Secured apartment		X
No public transportation	X

RATIONALE

Health disparities are differences that exist among specific population groups in the United States in the attainment of full health potential that can be measured by differences in incidence, prevalence, mortality, burden of disease, and other adverse health conditions (National Institute of Health, 2017). While the term disparities are often used or interpreted to reflect differences between racial or ethnic groups, disparities can exist across many other dimensions as well, such as gender, sexual orientation, age, disability status, socioeconomic status, and geographic location (NIH, 2017). Health disparities evolve from inequities are preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health. Health disparities are experienced by aggregates from disadvantaged populations who are afforded less opportunities including those living in poverty, in rural communities, lack of public transportation, education attainment and literacy, and disfavored neighborhood environments. Disfavored neighborhood environments include lack of green spaces, increased crime, disrepair of or limited walking paths or sidewalks, limited access to healthy food sources and/or quality health care services.

FOCUSED GUIDE

The World Health Association (WHO) describes the social determinants of health (SDOH) as the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. SDOH are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. These forces and systems include economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies, and political systems (WHO, 2023).

The home health environment and nursing role differs from other institutional environments and nursing roles. The home health nurse is often described as a case manager. Case management is defined as a health care process in which a professional helps a patient or client develop a plan that coordinates and integrates the support services that the patient/client needs to optimize the healthcare and psychosocial possible goals and outcomes. The case management process helps the patient and their family navigate through a complicated set of services and supports available within a benefit plan, an organization or institution, and their community (Giardino et al., 2022).

The community assessment provides a portrayal of the community to develop priorities, obtain resources, and plan actions to improve health. Community assessment can assist in identifying resources, environmental health risks, safety concerns, cultural aptitude, and provides foundation for education, health promotion, risk reduction education. A windshield survey is conducted by traveling around the community in a car or using public transportation to make observations about a community and its dynamics. The results should yield a basic description about the community, its health, and members (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2018, p. 213). The windshield survey allows the nurse to assess community characteristics such as boundaries, housing and zoning, open spaces, transportation, and industry among a number of other elements. The data is used to make inferences about community healthcare needs, shape nursing practice, and interventions by identifying how the geographic, cultural, and functional dimension of the community affects community-nursing care.

Rural communities experience many inequities compared to the nation as a whole. Often rural residents have fewer individual resources and, on average, are poorer and less educated. Additionally, many rural residents face barriers related to access to housing, transportation, food, and water that are safe, healthy, and affordable. These barriers can impact all residents, though they are particularly problematic for those already struggling financially. Rural communities also face many environmental challenges. Hazardous materials often end up in remote areas where the land is cheap and fewer people overall are put at risk. Rural industries like mining and farming bring with them their own dangers and environmental impacts (Rural Health Information Hub, 2022).