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- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/06%3A_The_Skeleton/6.14%3A_JointsSome are slightly moveable like the joints between the vertebrae but most joints allow free movement and have a typical structure with a fluid filled cavity separating the articulating surfaces (surfa...Some are slightly moveable like the joints between the vertebrae but most joints allow free movement and have a typical structure with a fluid filled cavity separating the articulating surfaces (surfaces that move against each other) of the two bones. between the ankle and wrist bones; the joints at the elbow, knee and fingers are hinge joints and allow movement in two dimensions and the axis vertebra pivots on the atlas vertebra.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/01%3A_Chemicals/1.09%3A_SummaryIons are charged particles, and electrolytes are solutions of ions in water. Carbohydrates are made of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen (in the same ratio as water) linked together. Fats are also made ...Ions are charged particles, and electrolytes are solutions of ions in water. Carbohydrates are made of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen (in the same ratio as water) linked together. Fats are also made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are a powerful energy source, and are also used for insulation. Proteins are the building materials of the body, and as enzymes make cell reactions happen. They contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Many also contain sulphur and phosphorous.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/01%3A_Chemicals/1.07%3A_FatsFats or lipids are important in the plasma membrane around cells and form the insulating fat layer under the skin. Fatty acids are divided into two kinds: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids dependi...Fats or lipids are important in the plasma membrane around cells and form the insulating fat layer under the skin. Fatty acids are divided into two kinds: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids depending on how much hydrogen they contain.(Saturated fats contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats). Fish and poultry fats and plant oils contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids and are more liquid at room temperature.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/13%3A_Reproductive_System/13.01%3A_Reproductive_SystemIn biological terms sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes - the sperm and the ovum - produced by two parents. Each gamete is formed by meiosis. This means each contains only half the chrom...In biological terms sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes - the sperm and the ovum - produced by two parents. Each gamete is formed by meiosis. This means each contains only half the chromosomes of the body cells (haploid). Fertilization results in the joining of the male and female gametes to form a zygote which contains the full number of chromosomes (diploid).
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/08%3A_Cardiovascular_System/8.33%3A_Regulation_of_Blood_Flow
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/04%3A_Body_Organization/4.13%3A_Directional_Terms_2_(Worksheet)The hock is...................to the stifle. The adrenal gland is...................to the kidney. The thymus is......................to the heart. The stomach is...................to the heart. The w...The hock is...................to the stifle. The adrenal gland is...................to the kidney. The thymus is......................to the heart. The stomach is...................to the heart. The withers region is..................to the sternum. The stifle is .....................to the fetlock The sacrum is......................to the pelvic girdle The pericardium is...................to the heart The hair follicle is...................to the hair shaft
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/11%3A_The_Gut_and_Digestion/11.11%3A_The_RumenThey crop the grass as quickly as possible and then when the animal is in a safer place the food in the rumen can be regurgitated to be chewed at the animal’s leisure. The finely ground food may be re...They crop the grass as quickly as possible and then when the animal is in a safer place the food in the rumen can be regurgitated to be chewed at the animal’s leisure. The finely ground food may be returned to the rumen for further work by the microorganisms or, if the particles are small enough, it will pass down a special groove in the wall of the oesophagus straight into the omasum.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/07%3A_Muscles/7.03%3A_Smooth_MuscleThere are three different kinds of muscle tissue: smooth muscle in the walls of the gut and blood vessels; cardiac muscle in the heart and skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/01%3A_Chemicals/1.11%3A_Worksheet_Answerscan be absorbed into the blood directly from the gut without the need for digestion T Proteins are very sensitive to heat, acid/base balance (pH) and solvents which can destroy their molecular shape (...can be absorbed into the blood directly from the gut without the need for digestion T Proteins are very sensitive to heat, acid/base balance (pH) and solvents which can destroy their molecular shape (denaturation) causing them to lose their function in the cell or body. Starch is formed from many glucose molecules while the others in the group are all the smallest subunits of carbohydrates, proteins and fats respectively.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/13%3A_Reproductive_System/13.15%3A_FertilizationIn most fish and amphibians (frogs and toads) fertilization of the egg cells takes place outside the body. The female lays the eggs and then the male deposits his sperm on or at least near them. In re...In most fish and amphibians (frogs and toads) fertilization of the egg cells takes place outside the body. The female lays the eggs and then the male deposits his sperm on or at least near them. In reptiles and birds, eggs are fertilized inside the body when the male deposits the sperm inside the egg duct of the female. The egg is then surrounded by a resistant shell, “laid” by the female and the embryo completes its development inside the egg.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Veterinary_Medicine/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals_(Lawson)/04%3A_Body_Organizationthe basic organisation of the body of vertebrates including the main body cavities and the location of the following major organs: thorax, heart, lungs, thymus, abdomen, liver, stomach, spleen, intest...the basic organisation of the body of vertebrates including the main body cavities and the location of the following major organs: thorax, heart, lungs, thymus, abdomen, liver, stomach, spleen, intestines, kidneys, sperm ducts, ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina, urinary bladder You will find out how these tissues are arranged into organs, and how the organs form systems such as the digestive system and the reproductive system.
