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- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/01%3A_Basic_Microbiology_and_Infection_Control/1.02%3A_Sizes_Shapes_and_Arrangements_of_BacteriaThere are three basic shapes of bacteria: coccus, bacillus, and spiral. Based on planes of division, the coccus shape can appear in several distinct arrangements: diplococcus, streptococcus, tetrad, s...There are three basic shapes of bacteria: coccus, bacillus, and spiral. Based on planes of division, the coccus shape can appear in several distinct arrangements: diplococcus, streptococcus, tetrad, sarcina, and staphylococcus. The bacillus shape can appear as a single bacillus, a streptobacillus, or a coccobacillus. The spiral shape can appear in several forms: vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/14%3A_Immunodeficiencies/14.08%3A_Primary_ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency results in an inability to combat certain diseases. A primary immunodeficiency is usually an immunodeficiency that one is born with. Conventional primary immunodeficiencies are rare r...Immunodeficiency results in an inability to combat certain diseases. A primary immunodeficiency is usually an immunodeficiency that one is born with. Conventional primary immunodeficiencies are rare recessive genetic defect in the immune responses that involved the development of B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, or both and resulted in multiple, recurrent infections during infancy.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/01%3A_Basic_Microbiology_and_Infection_Control/1.03%3A_The_Peptidoglycan_Cell_Wall/1.3C%3A_The_Acid-Fast_Cell_WallBecause of the nature of their cell wall, acid-fast bacteria stain red after acid-fast staining. The genus Mycobacterium and the genus Nocardia are among the few bacteria possessing an acid-fast cell ...Because of the nature of their cell wall, acid-fast bacteria stain red after acid-fast staining. The genus Mycobacterium and the genus Nocardia are among the few bacteria possessing an acid-fast cell wall. The acid-fast cell wall consists of a thin, inner layer of peptidoglycan linked to a layer of arabinogalactin, which in turn is linked to an outer membrane containing mycolic acids and overlaid with a variety of polypeptides and glycolipids.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/01%3A_Basic_Microbiology_and_Infection_ControlMicrobiology is the study of microscopic organisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). As an application of microbiology, medical microbi...Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). As an application of microbiology, medical microbiology is often introduced with medical principles of immunology as microbiology and immunology. Otherwise, microbiology, virology, and immunology as basic sciences have greatly exceeded the medical variants, applied sciences.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/09%3A_Innate_Immunity/9.11%3A_Early_Induced_Innate_Immunity/9.11D%3A_Harmful_Effects_Associated_with_Abnormal_Pattern-Recognition_Receptor_Responses_Variations_in_Innate_Immune_Signaling_Pathways_and_or_Levels_of_Cytokine_ProductionIn severe bacterial infections, pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs can trigger the synthesis and secretion of excessive levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines leading to systemic...In severe bacterial infections, pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs can trigger the synthesis and secretion of excessive levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS. People born with underactive PRRs or deficient PRR immune signaling pathways are at increased risk of infection by specific pathogens due to a decrease innate immune response.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/01%3A_Basic_Microbiology_and_Infection_Control/1.05%3A_Cellular_Components_within_the_Cytoplasm/1.5D%3A_RibosomesRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. Bacterial ribosomes are composed of two subunits with densities of 50S and 30S, as opposed to 60S and 40S in eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes fun...Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. Bacterial ribosomes are composed of two subunits with densities of 50S and 30S, as opposed to 60S and 40S in eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes function as a workbench for protein synthesis whereby they receive and translate genetic instructions for the formation of specific proteins. During translation, specific tRNA molecules pick up specific amino acids, transfer those amino acids to the ribosomes, and insert them in their proper place.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/01%3A_Basic_Microbiology_and_Infection_Control/1.05%3A_Cellular_Components_within_the_CytoplasmVarious anatomical parts that make up the anatomy of a Prokaryotic Cell bacterium. As mentioned in the introduction to this section, a typical bacterium usually consists of: a cytoplasmic membrane ...Various anatomical parts that make up the anatomy of a Prokaryotic Cell bacterium. As mentioned in the introduction to this section, a typical bacterium usually consists of: a cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall and maybe an outer membrane; a fluid cytoplasm containing a nuclear region (nucleoid) and numerous ribosomes; and often various external structures such as a glycocalyx, flagella, and pili.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/10%3A_Adaptive_Immunity/10.04%3A_Humoral_Immunity/10.4.02%3A_Ways_That_Antibodies_Help_to_Defend_the_Body/10.4.2F%3A_Preventing_Bacterial_AdherenceIn this section we will look at preventing bacterial adherence to host cells. Bacteria resist physical removal by means of pili, cell wall adhesin proteins, and/or biofilm-producing capsules. The bind...In this section we will look at preventing bacterial adherence to host cells. Bacteria resist physical removal by means of pili, cell wall adhesin proteins, and/or biofilm-producing capsules. The binding of the Fab portion of the antibody to the adhesive tip of the pili, the cell wall adhesins, or the capsular molecules prevents the bacteria from adhering to and colonizing host cells.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/14%3A_Immunodeficiencies/14.10%3A_Secondary_ImmunodeficiencyA secondary immunodeficiency is one in which a person is born with normal immune responses but some secondary factor or occurrence causes a decrease in immune responses. Causes of secondary immunodefi...A secondary immunodeficiency is one in which a person is born with normal immune responses but some secondary factor or occurrence causes a decrease in immune responses. Causes of secondary immunodeficiencies include malnutrition, some viruses such as HIV, irradiation, cytotoxic drugs used in cancer chemotherapy, anti-inflammatory steroids, leukemias, aging, and removal of the spleen.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/10%3A_Adaptive_Immunity/10.04%3A_Humoral_Immunity/10.4.03%3A_Naturally_and_Artificially_Acquired_Active_and_Passive_Immunity/10.4.3B%3A_Artificially_Acquired_ImmunityActive artificially acquired immunity refers to any immunization with an antigen. During artificially acquired active immunity, one is immunized with one or more of the following: attenuated microbes,...Active artificially acquired immunity refers to any immunization with an antigen. During artificially acquired active immunity, one is immunized with one or more of the following: attenuated microbes, killed organisms, fragmented microorganisms, or antigens produced by recombinant DNA technology, or toxoids. Passive artificially acquired immunity refers to the injection of antibody-containing serum, or immune globulin (IG), from another person or animal.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/Virginia_Tech_Carilion_School_of_Medicine/Block_V_Preparation_Materials/10%3A_Adaptive_ImmunityThe adaptive immune system is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. Adaptive immunity...The adaptive immune system is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.
