10: Adaptive Immunity
- Page ID
- 77733
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The adaptive immune system is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.
- 10.1: Immunodeficiency
- Immunodeficiency results in an inability to combat certain diseases and may be of two types: primary or secondary. Primary immunodeficiency is usually an immunodeficiency that one is born with. In the case of secondary immunodeficiency, one is born with normal immune responses but some secondary factor or occurrence causes a decrease in immune responses.
- 10.2: Hypersensitivities
- When the immune systems cause harm to the body, it is referred to as a hypersensitivity. There are two categories of adaptive hypersensitivities: immediate hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity. Immediate hypersensitivities refer to humoral immunity (antigen/antibody reactions) causing harm. Delayed hypersensitivities refer to cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and cytokines) causing harm.
- 10.3: Introduction to Adaptive Immunity
- Adaptive (acquired) immunity refers to antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen. There are two major branches of the adaptive immune responses: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies and cell-mediated immunity involves the production of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, activated macrophages, activated NK cells, and cytokines.
- 10.3.1: An Overview of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- 10.3.2: Antigens and Epitopes
- 10.3.3: Major Cells and Key Cell Surface Molecules Involved in Adaptive Immune Responses
- 10.3.3A: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules
- 10.3.3B: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
- 10.3.3C: T4-Lymphocytes (T4-Cells)
- 10.3.3D: T8-Lymphocytes (T8-Cells)
- 10.3.3E: Invarient Natural Killer T-Lymphocytes (iNKT Cells)
- 10.3.3F: B-Lymphocytes (B-Cells)
- 10.3.3G: Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
- 10.3.4: The Lymphoid System
- 10.3.5: An Overview of the Steps Involved in Adaptive Immune Responses
- 10.3.E: Introduction to Adaptive Immunity (Exercises)
- 10.4: Humoral Immunity
- Humoral Immunity refers to the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen. These antibody molecules circulate in the plasma of the blood and enter tissue and organs via the inflammatory response. Humoral immunity is most effective microbes or their toxins located in the extracellular spaces of the body. Antibodies or immunoglobulins are specific glycoprotein configurations produced by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to a specific antigen that react with that antigen.
- 10.4.1: Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
- 10.4.1B: Antibody Structure
- 10.4.1C: The 5 Classes (Isotypes) of Human Antibodies
- 10.4.1D: Generation of Antibody Diversity
- 10.4.1E: Clonal Selection and Clonal Expansion
- 10.4.1F: Anamnestic (Memory) Response
- 10.4.2: Ways That Antibodies Help to Defend the Body
- 10.4.2A: Opsonization
- 10.4.2B: Cytolysis by the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
- 10.4.2C: Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Natural Killer Cells
- 10.4.2D: Neutralization of Exotoxins
- 10.4.2E: Neutralization of Viruses
- 10.4.2F: Preventing Bacterial Adherence
- 10.4.2G: Agglutination of Microorganisms
- 10.4.2H: Immobilization of Bacteria and Protozoans
- 10.4.2I: Promoting an Inflammatory Response
- 10.4.3: Naturally and Artificially Acquired Active and Passive Immunity
- 10.4.3A: Naturally Acquired Immunity
- 10.4.3B: Artificially Acquired Immunity
- 10.4.E: Humoral Immunity (Exercises)
- 10.5: Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Cell mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Cellular immunity protects the body by (1) Activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, (2) Activating macrophages and NK cells, and (3) Stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines.