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- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/05%3A_Motor_System/5.02%3A_Planning_of_MovementThe prefrontal cortex, which is located in the front of the brain in the frontal lobe, plays an important role in higher level cognitive functions like planning, critical thinking, and understanding t...The prefrontal cortex, which is located in the front of the brain in the frontal lobe, plays an important role in higher level cognitive functions like planning, critical thinking, and understanding the consequences of our behaviors. Shortly after one of the top row lights turned on, the button directly below it would turn on, and the monkey would need to push that button for a reward. (B) When no lights are lit, premotor neurons fire at a baseline rate, and the monkey does not move.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/04%3A_Sensory_Systems/4.07%3A_TasteThe front of the tongue has the lowest threshold for sweet, salt, and umami tastes; the side of the tongue has the lowest threshold for sour tastes, and the back of the tongue has the lowest threshold...The front of the tongue has the lowest threshold for sweet, salt, and umami tastes; the side of the tongue has the lowest threshold for sour tastes, and the back of the tongue has the lowest threshold for bitter tastes. ‘Taste Map’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International License.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/06%3A_Behavior/6.05%3A_Masculinizing_Effects_of_EstrogenWhen a hormone binds to a receptor in the neuron, the hormone-receptor complex dimerizes and moves into the nucleus where it can bind to specific sites on the DNA and act as a transcription factor to ...When a hormone binds to a receptor in the neuron, the hormone-receptor complex dimerizes and moves into the nucleus where it can bind to specific sites on the DNA and act as a transcription factor to turn on or off certain genes. When the testes secrete testosterone during the prenatal critical period, the effect is to masculinize and defeminize the brain, body, and behavior, and this is accomplished through the transcription of a specific set of genes.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/06%3A_Behavior/6.03%3A_HPG_AxisIn the HPG axis, the hypothalamic parvocellular neurosecretory neurons release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hypophyseal portal circulation, causing the hormone-releasing endocrine ce...In the HPG axis, the hypothalamic parvocellular neurosecretory neurons release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hypophyseal portal circulation, causing the hormone-releasing endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). ‘LH and FSH Release’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International License.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/05%3A_Motor_System/5.01%3A_Spinal_Control_of_MovementThe ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the postjunctional folds of the muscle fiber are non-selective cation channels that allow the influx of sodium and the efflux of potassium The depol...The ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the postjunctional folds of the muscle fiber are non-selective cation channels that allow the influx of sodium and the efflux of potassium The depolarization of the cell by the sodium influx will activate nearby voltage-gated ion channels. ‘NMJ Ion Flow’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International License.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/01%3A_Neuron_Structure_and_Function
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/04%3A_Sensory_Systems/4.02%3A_Vision-_The_RetinaThe iris is the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil and along with local muscles can control the size of the pupil to allow for an appropriate amount of light to enter the eye. Althoug...The iris is the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil and along with local muscles can control the size of the pupil to allow for an appropriate amount of light to enter the eye. Although some of the images used here will simplify the receptive field to one cell in the center and a couple in the surround, it is important to remember that photoreceptors cover the entire surface of the retina, and the receptive field is two-dimensional.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/01%3A_Neuron_Structure_and_Function/1.05%3A_Postsynaptic_PotentialsIf an inhibitory input, Input 3 in the figure, stimulates the postsynaptic neuron at the same time as an excitatory input, Input 1 in the figure, the result is a decrease in the amount of depolarizati...If an inhibitory input, Input 3 in the figure, stimulates the postsynaptic neuron at the same time as an excitatory input, Input 1 in the figure, the result is a decrease in the amount of depolarization or the complete prevention of depolarization, depending on the strength of the inhibitory input. ‘EPSP and IPSP Summation’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International License.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/04%3A_Sensory_Systems/4.01%3A_General_Principles_of_Sensory_SystemsThe receptive field for a neuron is the region of the retina or skin where a stimulus (light or touch) will evoke a response in the neuron. In general, the route sensory information takes from the per...The receptive field for a neuron is the region of the retina or skin where a stimulus (light or touch) will evoke a response in the neuron. In general, the route sensory information takes from the periphery to the central nervous system is similar among most of the systems. It’s common to hear that sensory information “relays” through the thalamus on the way to the cortex (for example, in the paragraph above).
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/03%3A_Nervous_System_Organization/3.01%3A_Anatomical_TerminologyWhen information flow is described in the nervous system, it can either be afferent communication, meaning it is moving from the periphery to the brain, or efferent communication, meaning it is moving...When information flow is described in the nervous system, it can either be afferent communication, meaning it is moving from the periphery to the brain, or efferent communication, meaning it is moving from the brain to the periphery. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes the cranial and spinal nerves.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Pharmacology_and_Neuroscience/Foundations_of_Neuroscience_(Henley)/06%3A_Behavior/6.04%3A_Sexual_DifferentiationIn females, when the SRY gene and secreted hormones are absent, the gonads differentiate into the ovaries, the Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, and the Wolffian du...In females, when the SRY gene and secreted hormones are absent, the gonads differentiate into the ovaries, the Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, and the Wolffian ducts degenerate. In the fully developed system, the cervix is the lower part of the uterus, which separates the uterus from the vagina. ‘Female Gonad Differentiation’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International License.
