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- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/27%3A_Copper_(Chapter_24b)/27.05%3A_Cytochrome_c_oxidase_(24b.4)This page discusses cytochrome c oxidase's role in cellular respiration and its potential as an indicator of copper status in blood cells. Reduced enzyme activity is linked to copper deficiency and ge...This page discusses cytochrome c oxidase's role in cellular respiration and its potential as an indicator of copper status in blood cells. Reduced enzyme activity is linked to copper deficiency and genetic disorders, suggesting health risks. Platelet levels may reflect changes in copper intake, with activity influenced by age, sex, and health conditions.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/23%3A_Calcium_(Chapter_23a)/23.04%3A_Dietary_sources_and_intakes_of_calcium_(23a.4)This page discusses the uneven distribution of calcium in food sources, highlighting dairy as the most bioavailable option. Plant-based alternatives often need fortification, which may be ineffective....This page discusses the uneven distribution of calcium in food sources, highlighting dairy as the most bioavailable option. Plant-based alternatives often need fortification, which may be ineffective. Foods like canned fish and leafy greens also offer calcium but can have low absorption rates. Certain preparation methods enhance calcium content.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/24%3A_Phosphorus_(Chapter_23b)This page explains the significance of phosphorus as phosphate in living organisms, highlighting its roles in energy, growth, and reproduction. It notes that the majority of phosphate is stored in bon...This page explains the significance of phosphorus as phosphate in living organisms, highlighting its roles in energy, growth, and reproduction. It notes that the majority of phosphate is stored in bones and teeth, with serum levels controlled by hormonal and organ interactions.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/27%3A_Copper_(Chapter_24b)/27.06%3A_Skin_lysyl_oxidase_(24b.5)This page discusses lysyl oxidase, a copper-dependent enzyme essential for collagen maturation and connective tissue health. Copper deficiency impairs its activity, causing skeletal and cardiac proble...This page discusses lysyl oxidase, a copper-dependent enzyme essential for collagen maturation and connective tissue health. Copper deficiency impairs its activity, causing skeletal and cardiac problems. A study showed that skin lysyl oxidase activity decreased in healthy males on a low copper diet but returned to normal after copper repletion.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/26%3A_Magnesium_(Chapter_23c)/26.07%3A_Occurrence_of_dietary_deficiency_(23c.7)This page discusses the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for magnesium in the U.S. and Canada, noting that many adults fail to meet the suggested intake of 330-350 mg/day for males and 255-265 mg/day ...This page discusses the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for magnesium in the U.S. and Canada, noting that many adults fail to meet the suggested intake of 330-350 mg/day for males and 255-265 mg/day for females. Recent studies propose lowering these recommendations to 175 mg/day for males and 250 mg/day for females, but even these lower levels may leave many deficient, potentially leading to chronic health problems. There is a need for improved clinical assessment of magnesium status.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/26%3A_Magnesium_(Chapter_23c)/26.02%3A_Functions_of_magnesium_(23c.2)This page emphasizes the significance of magnesium (Mg2+) as a vital cation in the body, essential for over 600 enzymatic processes related to DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and energy production. It pl...This page emphasizes the significance of magnesium (Mg2+) as a vital cation in the body, essential for over 600 enzymatic processes related to DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and energy production. It plays a critical role in enzyme function, stabilizes ribonucleotides, and regulates ion movements impacting nerve transmission, muscle contraction, cardiac health, blood pressure, and bone turnover.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/26%3A_Magnesium_(Chapter_23c)/26.06%3A_Effects_of_high_magnesium_intakes_(23c.6)This page discusses severe magnesium toxicity, which is rare and primarily affects individuals with kidney dysfunction. Symptoms include lethargy, confusion, nausea, and heart arrhythmias, potentially...This page discusses severe magnesium toxicity, which is rare and primarily affects individuals with kidney dysfunction. Symptoms include lethargy, confusion, nausea, and heart arrhythmias, potentially leading to low blood calcium and high potassium levels. While high dietary magnesium isn't associated with severe toxicity, excessive supplementation can cause harm. A tolerable upper intake of 350 mg for adults and children over 8 is advised.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/26%3A_Magnesium_(Chapter_23c)/26.03%3A_Absorption_and_metabolism_(23c.3)This page discusses magnesium absorption, which primarily occurs in the jejunum and ileum. Absorption rates depend on dietary intake, with lower intake increasing efficiency and higher intake decreasi...This page discusses magnesium absorption, which primarily occurs in the jejunum and ileum. Absorption rates depend on dietary intake, with lower intake increasing efficiency and higher intake decreasing it. Active transport and passive diffusion facilitate absorption, the latter making up 90% of it. Factors like calcium and fiber can inhibit absorption, while vitamin D enhances it.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/25%3A_Phosphorus_(Chapter_23b)/25.04%3A_Magnesium_deficiency_in_humansThis page discusses severe magnesium deficiency, which is rare and presents with symptoms such as muscle spasms and personality changes, often tied to health issues. It contrasts with chronic latent m...This page discusses severe magnesium deficiency, which is rare and presents with symptoms such as muscle spasms and personality changes, often tied to health issues. It contrasts with chronic latent magnesium deficiency (CLMD), resulting from long-term inadequate intake and linked to chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular and bone conditions.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/24%3A_Phosphorus_(Chapter_23b)/24.04%3A_Phosphate_balance_(23b.4)This page discusses the phosphate balance in the body, highlighting the roles of intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and phosphate exchange among different pools. Serum phosphate concentration is ...This page discusses the phosphate balance in the body, highlighting the roles of intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and phosphate exchange among different pools. Serum phosphate concentration is a key clinical indicator, but it reflects only a fraction of total body phosphate. The kidneys reabsorb approximately 89% of filtered phosphate, while gastrointestinal absorption averages 60-65%.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Principles_of_Nutritional_Assessment_3e_(Gibson_et_al.)/28%3A_Zinc_(Chapter_24c)/28.10%3A_Zinc_transporter_mRNA_expression_in_circulating_blood_cell_types_(24c.10)This page discusses the role of zinc transporters ZIP 1-14 and ZnT 1-10 as potential biomarkers for zinc status in blood cells. A systematic review revealed inconsistent changes in their expression fo...This page discusses the role of zinc transporters ZIP 1-14 and ZnT 1-10 as potential biomarkers for zinc status in blood cells. A systematic review revealed inconsistent changes in their expression following zinc supplementation or depletion, indicating a need for further research to establish their reliability under typical dietary conditions.
