Key Terms Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: Blood
- Page ID
- 62669
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- ABO blood group
- blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface
- agglutination
- clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies
- agranular leukocytes
- leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells
- albumin
- most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma
- anemia
- deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
- antibodies
- (also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
- anticoagulant
- substance such as heparin that opposes coagulation
- antithrombin
- anticoagulant that inactivates factor X and opposes the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin in the common pathway
- B lymphocytes
- (also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity
- basophils
- granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin
- bilirubin
- yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products
- biliverdin
- green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver
- blood
- liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system
- bone marrow biopsy
- diagnostic test of a sample of red bone marrow
- bone marrow transplant
- treatment in which a donor’s healthy bone marrow with its stem cells replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow of a patient
- bruise
- localized bleeding under the skin due to damaged blood vessels
- buffy coat
- thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood
- carbaminohemoglobin
- compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
- clotting factors
- group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation
- coagulation
- formation of a blood clot; part of the process of hemostasis
- colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
- glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)
- common pathway
- final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot
- cross matching
- blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small samples of blood
- cytokines
- class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease
- defensins
- antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells
- deoxyhemoglobin
- molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it
- diapedesis
- (also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues
- embolus
- thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation
- emigration
- (also, diapedesis) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues
- eosinophils
- granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms
- erythrocyte
- (also, red blood cell) mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- erythropoietin (EPO)
- glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels
- extrinsic pathway
- initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway
- ferritin
- protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen
- fibrin
- insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot
- fibrinogen
- plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting
- fibrinolysis
- gradual degradation of a blood clot
- formed elements
- cellular components of blood; that is, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
- globin
- heme-containing globular protein that is a constituent of hemoglobin
- globulins
- heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that includes transport proteins, clotting factors, immune proteins, and others
- granular leukocytes
- leukocytes with abundant granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
- hematocrit
- (also, packed cell volume) volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood
- hematopoietic stem cell
- type of pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood (hemocytoblast)
- heme
- red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin
- hemocytoblast
- hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood
- hemoglobin
- oxygen-carrying compound in erythrocytes
- hemolysis
- destruction (lysis) of erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation
- hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
- (also, erythroblastosis fetalis) disorder causing agglutination and hemolysis in an Rh+ fetus or newborn of an Rh− mother
- hemophilia
- genetic disorder characterized by inadequate synthesis of clotting factors
- hemopoiesis
- production of the formed elements of blood
- hemopoietic growth factors
- chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells
- hemorrhage
- excessive bleeding
- hemosiderin
- protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen
- hemostasis
- physiological process by which bleeding ceases
- heparin
- short-acting anticoagulant stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin
- hypoxemia
- below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)
- immunoglobulins
- (also, antibodies or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
- interleukins
- signaling molecules that may function in hemopoiesis, inflammation, and specific immune responses
- intrinsic pathway
- initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway
- jaundice
- yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes due to excess bilirubin in the blood
- leukemia
- cancer involving leukocytes
- leukocyte
- (also, white blood cell) colorless, nucleated blood cell, the chief function of which is to protect the body from disease
- leukocytosis
- excessive leukocyte proliferation
- leukopenia
- below-normal production of leukocytes
- lymphocytes
- agranular leukocytes of the lymphoid stem cell line, many of which function in specific immunity
- lymphoid stem cells
- type of hematopoietic stem cells that gives rise to lymphocytes, including various T cells, B cells, and NK cells, all of which function in immunity
- lymphoma
- form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues
- lysozyme
- digestive enzyme with bactericidal properties
- macrophage
- phagocytic cell of the myeloid lineage; a matured monocyte
- megakaryocyte
- bone marrow cell that produces platelets
- memory cell
- type of B or T lymphocyte that forms after exposure to a pathogen
- monocytes
- agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream; tissue monocytes are macrophages
- myeloid stem cells
- type of hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to some formed elements, including erythrocytes, megakaryocytes that produce platelets, and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
- natural killer (NK) cells
- cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers; provide generalized, nonspecific immunity
- neutrophils
- granulocytes that stain with a neutral dye and are the most numerous of the leukocytes; especially active against bacteria
- oxyhemoglobin
- molecule of hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound
- packed cell volume (PCV)
- (also, hematocrit) volume percentage of erythrocytes present in a sample of centrifuged blood
- plasma
- in blood, the liquid extracellular matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system
- plasmin
- blood protein active in fibrinolysis
- platelet plug
- accumulation and adhesion of platelets at the site of blood vessel injury
- platelets
- (also, thrombocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes
- pluripotent stem cell
- stem cell that derives from totipotent stem cells and is capable of differentiating into many, but not all, cell types
- polycythemia
- elevated level of hemoglobin, whether adaptive or pathological
- polymorphonuclear
- having a lobed nucleus, as seen in some leukocytes
- positive chemotaxis
- process in which a cell is attracted to move in the direction of chemical stimuli
- red blood cells (RBCs)
- (also, erythrocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that transports oxygen
- reticulocyte
- immature erythrocyte that may still contain fragments of organelles
- Rh blood group
- blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of the antigen Rh on the erythrocyte membrane surface
- serum
- blood plasma that does not contain clotting factors
- sickle cell disease
- (also, sickle cell anemia) inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin molecules are malformed, leading to the breakdown of RBCs that take on a characteristic sickle shape
- T lymphocytes
- (also, T cells) lymphocytes that provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells
- thalassemia
- inherited blood disorder in which maturation of RBCs does not proceed normally, leading to abnormal formation of hemoglobin and the destruction of RBCs
- thrombin
- enzyme essential for the final steps in formation of a fibrin clot
- thrombocytes
- platelets, one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes
- thrombocytopenia
- condition in which there are too few platelets, resulting in abnormal bleeding (hemophilia)
- thrombocytosis
- condition in which there are too many platelets, resulting in abnormal clotting (thrombosis)
- thrombopoietin
- hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys that prompts the development of megakaryocytes into thrombocytes (platelets)
- thrombosis
- excessive clot formation
- thrombus
- aggregation of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes in an intact artery or vein
- tissue factor
- protein thromboplastin, which initiates the extrinsic pathway when released in response to tissue damage
- totipotent stem cell
- embryonic stem cell that is capable of differentiating into any and all cells of the body; enabling the full development of an organism
- transferrin
- plasma protein that binds reversibly to iron and distributes it throughout the body
- universal donor
- individual with type O− blood
- universal recipient
- individual with type AB+ blood
- vascular spasm
- initial step in hemostasis, in which the smooth muscle in the walls of the ruptured or damaged blood vessel contracts
- white blood cells (WBCs)
- (also, leukocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that provides defense against disease agents and foreign materials