Anatomy and Physiology
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- Supplemental Modules (Anatomy and Physiology)
- Book: Anatomy and Physiology (OpenStax)
- Unit 1: Levels of Organization
- Unit 2: Support and Movement
- 5: The Integumentary System
- 6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
- 6.0: Introduction
- 6.1: The Functions of the Skeletal System
- 6.2: Bone Classification
- 6.3: Bone Structure
- 6.4: Bone Formation and Development
- 6.5: Fractures - Bone Repair
- 6.6: Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
- 6.7: Calcium Homeostasis - Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
- 7: Axial Skeleton
- 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
- 9: Joints
- 10: Muscle Tissue
- 10.0: Prelude to Muscle Tissue
- 10.1: Overview of Muscle Tissues
- 10.2: Skeletal Muscle
- 10.3: Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
- 10.4: Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
- 10.5: Types of Muscle Fibers
- 10.6: Exercise and Muscle Performance
- 10.7: Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- 10.8: Smooth Muscle
- 10.9: Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
- 10.E: Muscle Tissue (Exercises)
- 11: The Muscular System
- 11.00: Prelude to the Muscular System
- 11.01: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
- 11.02: Naming Skeletal Muscle
- 11.03: Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
- 11.04: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
- 11.05: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
- 11.6: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
- Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control
- 12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
- 13: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
- 14: The Somatic Nervous System
- 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
- 16: The Neurological Exam
- 17: The Endocrine System
- 17.0: Prelude to the Endocrine System
- 17.1: An Overview of the Endocrine System
- 17.2: Hormones
- 17.3: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
- 17.4: The Thyroid Gland
- 17.5: The Parathyroid Glands
- 17.6: The Adrenal Glands
- 17.7: The Pineal Gland
- 17.8: Gonadal and Placental Hormones
- 17.9: The Endocrine Pancreas
- 17.10: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
- 17.11: Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
- Unit 4: Fluids and Transport
- 18: The Cardiovascular System - Blood
- 19: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
- 20: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
- 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System
- 21.0: Introduction
- 21.1: Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
- 21.2: Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
- 21.3: The Adaptive Immune Response - T Lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
- 21.4: The Adaptive Immune Response - B-Lymphocytes and Antibodies
- 21.5: The Immune Response Against Pathogens
- 21.6: Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
- 21.7: Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
- Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
- 22: The Respiratory System
- 23: The Digestive System
- 23.0: Introduction
- 23.1: Overview of the Digestive System
- 23.2: Digestive System Processes and Regulation
- 23.3: The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
- 23.4: The Stomach
- 23.5: The Small and Large Intestines
- 23.6: Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
- 23.7: Chemical Digestion and Absorption - A Closer Look
- 24: Metabolism and Nutrition
- 25: The Urinary System
- 25.0: Prelude to the Urinary System
- 25.1: Physical Characteristics of Urine
- 25.2: Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
- 25.3: Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
- 25.4: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
- 25.5: Physiology of Urine Formation
- 25.6: Tubular Reabsorption
- 25.7: Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
- 25.8: Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
- 25.9: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
- 25.10: The Urinary System and Homeostasis
- 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
- Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life
- Book: Anatomy and Physiology (Boundless)
- 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
- 2: The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
- 3: Organization at the Cellular Level
- 4: Organization at the Tissue Level
- 5: Integumentary System
- 6: Skeletal System
- 7: Skeletal System - Parts of the Skeleton
- 8: Joints
- 9: Muscular System
- 10: Overview of the Nervous System
- 10.1: Introduction to the Nervous System
- 10.2: Neuroglia
- 10.3: Neurons
- 10.4: Collections of Nervous Tissue
- 10.5: Neurophysiology
- 10.5A: Principles of Electricity
- 10.5B: Ion Channels
- 10.5D: Membrane Potentials as Signals
- 10.5D: Resting Membrane Potentials
- 10.5E: The Action Potential and Propagation
- 10.5F: The Synapse
- 10.5G: Postsynaptic Potentials and Their Integration at the Synapse
- 10.5H: Synaptic Transmission
- 10.5I: Types of Neurotransmitters by Function
- 10.5J: Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors
- 10.5K: Serial and Parallel Processing
- 11: Central Nervous System
- 12: Peripheral Nervous System
- 12.10: Reflexes
- 12.11: Pain
- 12.1: Sensation
- 12.2: Sensory Receptors
- 12.3: The Somatosensory System
- 12.4: Nerves
- 12.5: Cranial Nerves
- 12.5A: Brief Overview of Cranial Nerves
- 12.5B: Olfactory (I) Nerve
- 12.5C: Optic (II) Nerve
- 12.5D: Oculomotor (III) Nerve
- 12.5E: Trochlear (IV) Nerve
- 12.5F: Trigeminal (V) Nerve
- 12.5G: Abducens (VI) Nerve
- 12.5H: Facial (VII) Nerve
- 12.5I: Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve
- 12.5J: Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve
- 12.5K: Vagus (X) Nerve
- 12.5L: Accessory (XI) Nerve
- 12.5M: Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
- 12.6: Spinal Nerves
- 12.7: Distribution of Spinal Nerves
- 12.8: Motor Activity
- 12.9: Motor Pathways
- 13: Special Senses
- 14: Autonomic Nervous System
- 15: Endocrine System
- 15.10: The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
- 15.11: The Pancreas
- 15.12: Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs
- 15.13: Stress
- 15.1: Overview of the Endocrine System
- 15.2: Hormones
- 15.3: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- 15.4: Hormone Interactions
- 15.5: Hormone Secretion Control
- 15.6: Endocrine Glands
- 15.7: The Pituitary Gland
- 15.8: The Thyroid Gland
- 15.9: The Parathyroid Glands
- 16: Cardiovascular System - Blood
- 17: Cardiovascular System: The Heart
- 18: Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
- 19: Lymphatic System
- 20: Immune System
- 21: Respiratory System
- 21.10: Respiration Control
- 21.11: Respiratory Adjustments
- 21.1: Overview of the Respiratory System
- 21.2: Conducting Zone
- 21.3: Respiratory Zone
- 21.4: The Lungs and Pleurae
- 21.5: Mechanics of Breathing
- 21.6: Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
- 21.7: Nonrespiratory Lung Functions
- 21.8: Gas Laws
- 21.9: Gas Exchange
- 22: Digestive System
- 22.1: Overview of the Digestive System
- 22.2: Nervous System of the Digestive System
- 22.3: The Peritoneum
- 22.4: The Alimentary Canal
- 22.5: Layers of the Alimentary Canal
- 22.7: The Liver
- 22.8: The Gallbladder
- 22.9: The Pancreas
- 22.10: The Small Intestine
- 22.11: The Large Intestine
- 22.12: Chemical Digestion
- 22.13: Absorption
- 22.14: Phases of Digestion
- 22.6: The Stomach
- 23: Nutrition and Metabolism
- 24: Urinary System
- 25: Body Fluids and Acid-Base Balance
- 26: The Reproductive System
- 27: Human Development and Pregnancy
- 27.10: Changes to the Mother's Body During Pregnancy
- 27.1: Overview of Pregnancy and Human Development
- 27.2: First Week of Development
- 27.3: Second Week of Development
- 27.4: Third Week of Development
- 27.5: Fourth Week of Development
- 27.6: Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development
- 27.7: Birth (Parturition)
- 27.8: Lactation
- 27.9: The Fetal Period
- 28: Reproduction, Chromosomes, and Meiosis
- 28.10: Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance
- 28.1: The Link Between Genotype and Phenotype
- 28.2: Inherited Variation
- 28.3: Chromosomal Behavior in Meiosis and Fertilization
- 28.4: DNA
- 28.5: Cell Division
- 28.6: Sources of Genetic Variation
- 28.7: Complex Inheritance Patterns
- 28.8: Patterns of Inheritance
- 28.9: Genetic Disequilibrium
- 30: APPENDIX B: Development and Aging of the Organ Systems
- 30.10: Development of the Heart
- 30.11: Development of Blood Vessels
- 30.12: Development of Lymphatic Tissues
- 30.13: Development of the Immune System
- 30.14: Development of the Respiratory System
- 30.15: Development of the Digestive System
- 30.16: Development of Metabolism
- 30.17: Development of Bodily Fluids
- 30.18: Development of the Reproductive System
- 30.1: Integumentary System Development
- 30.2: Bone Development
- 30.3: Development of the Skeleton
- 30.4: Joint Development
- 30.5: Muscle Development
- 30.6: Development of the Nervous System
- 30.7: Development of the Special Senses
- 30.8: Development of the Endocrine System
- 30.9: Development of Blood
- 29: APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Organ Systems
- 29.10: Circulatory Diseases and Disorders
- 29.11: Diseases and Disorders of the Immune System
- 29.12: Respiratory Diseases and Disorders
- 29.13: Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System
- 29.14: Diseases and Disorders of the Metabolism
- 29.15: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
- 29.16: Body Fluid-Related Diseases and Disorders
- 29.17: Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System
- 29.18: Pregnancy-Related Disorders
- 29.1: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Integumentary System
- 29.2: Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
- 29.3: Injuries and Disorders of the Skeleton
- 29.4: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Joints
- 29.5: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Muscular System
- 29.6: Injuries, Diseases, and Disorders of the Central Nervous System
- 29.7: Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
- 29.8: Blood Diseases and Disorders
- 29.9: Diseases and Disorders of the Heart
- Book: Human Anatomy and Physiology Preparatory Course (Liachovitzky)
- 1: Levels of Organization of the Human Organism
- 2: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Chemical Building Blocks
- 3: Molecular Level: Biomolecules, the Organic Compounds Associated With Living Organisms
- 4: Smallest Level of Complexity Alive: Cells, Their Structures and Functions
- 5: Higher Levels of Complexity: Organs and Systems
- Book: Human Anatomy Lab Manual (Wilk-Blaszczak)
- 1: Lab 1: Anatomical Language
- 2: Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings
- 3: Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
- 4: Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves
- 5: Lab 5: Special Senses
- 6: Lab 6: Respiratory System
- 7: Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system
- 8: Lab 8: Digestive System
- 9: Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems
- 10: Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems
- 11: Vocabulary
- 12: Links by Chapter
- Book: Acid-base pHysiology (Brandis)
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Chapter 2: Control of Acid-Base Balance
- Chapter 3: Acid-Base Disorders
- Chapter 4: Respiratory Acidosis
- Chapter 5: Metabolic Acidosis
- Chapter 6: Respiratory Alkalosis
- Chapter 7: Metabolic Alkalosis
- Chapter 8: Major Types of Metabolic Acidosis
- Chapter 9: Assessment of Acid-Base Disorders
- Chapter 10: Quantitative Acid-Base Analysis
- Chapter 11: Special Aspects of Acid-Base Physiology
- Book: Fluid Physiology (Brandis)
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Chapter 2: Fluid Compartments
- Chapter 3: Water Balance
- Chapter 4: Capillary Fluid Dynamics
- Chapter 5: Control of Water Metabolism
- 5.10: Summary of Renal Water Handling
- 5.1: Overview
- 5.2: Sensors for Control of Water Balance
- 5.3: The Central Controller in Water Balance
- 5.4: Effector Mechanisms
- 5.5: Thirst
- 5.6: Antidiuretic Hormone
- 5.7: Coupling of the Osmoreceptor and the Kidneys
- 5.8: Interaction between Volume and Osmolality in Control
- 5.9: Other Mechanisms in Water Balance
- Chapter 6: Control of Compartment Volumes
- Chapter 7: Intravenous Fluids
- Chapter 8: Applied Physiology of Transfused Fluids
Supplemental Modules (Anatomy and Physiology)
Book: Anatomy and Physiology (OpenStax)
Book: Anatomy and Physiology (Boundless)
Book: Human Anatomy and Physiology Preparatory Course (Liachovitzky)
Book: Human Anatomy Lab Manual (Wilk-Blaszczak)
Book: Acid-base pHysiology (Brandis)
Book: Fluid Physiology (Brandis)
Thumbnail: Anatomy of the Human Body. Image used with permission (Public Domain).Computer Generated Cross Section 3d Model of Heart (DrJanaOfficial).