Anatomy and Physiology
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- Supplemental Modules (Anatomy and Physiology)
- Book: Anatomy and Physiology (OpenStax)
- Unit 1: Levels of Organization
- Unit 2: Support and Movement
- 5: The Integumentary System
- 6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
- 6.0: Introduction
- 6.1: The Functions of the Skeletal System
- 6.2: Bone Classification
- 6.3: Bone Structure
- 6.4: Bone Formation and Development
- 6.5: Fractures - Bone Repair
- 6.6: Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
- 6.7: Calcium Homeostasis - Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
- 7: Axial Skeleton
- 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
- 9: Joints
- 10: Muscle Tissue
- 10.0: Prelude to Muscle Tissue
- 10.1: Overview of Muscle Tissues
- 10.2: Skeletal Muscle
- 10.3: Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
- 10.4: Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
- 10.5: Types of Muscle Fibers
- 10.6: Exercise and Muscle Performance
- 10.7: Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- 10.8: Smooth Muscle
- 10.9: Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
- 10.E: Muscle Tissue (Exercises)
- 11: The Muscular System
- 11.00: Prelude to the Muscular System
- 11.01: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
- 11.02: Naming Skeletal Muscle
- 11.03: Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
- 11.04: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
- 11.05: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
- 11.6: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
- Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control
- 12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
- 13: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
- 14: The Somatic Nervous System
- 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
- 16: The Neurological Exam
- 17: The Endocrine System
- 17.0: Prelude to the Endocrine System
- 17.1: An Overview of the Endocrine System
- 17.2: Hormones
- 17.3: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
- 17.4: The Thyroid Gland
- 17.5: The Parathyroid Glands
- 17.6: The Adrenal Glands
- 17.7: The Pineal Gland
- 17.8: Gonadal and Placental Hormones
- 17.9: The Endocrine Pancreas
- 17.10: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
- 17.11: Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
- Unit 4: Fluids and Transport
- 18: The Cardiovascular System - Blood
- 19: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
- 20: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
- 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System
- 21.0: Introduction
- 21.1: Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
- 21.2: Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
- 21.3: The Adaptive Immune Response - T Lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
- 21.4: The Adaptive Immune Response - B-Lymphocytes and Antibodies
- 21.5: The Immune Response Against Pathogens
- 21.6: Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
- 21.7: Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
- Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
- 22: The Respiratory System
- 23: The Digestive System
- 23.0: Introduction
- 23.1: Overview of the Digestive System
- 23.2: Digestive System Processes and Regulation
- 23.3: The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
- 23.4: The Stomach
- 23.5: The Small and Large Intestines
- 23.6: Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
- 23.7: Chemical Digestion and Absorption - A Closer Look
- 24: Metabolism and Nutrition
- 25: The Urinary System
- 25.0: Prelude to the Urinary System
- 25.1: Physical Characteristics of Urine
- 25.2: Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
- 25.3: Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
- 25.4: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
- 25.5: Physiology of Urine Formation
- 25.6: Tubular Reabsorption
- 25.7: Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
- 25.8: Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
- 25.9: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
- 25.10: The Urinary System and Homeostasis
- 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
- Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life
- Book: Anatomy and Physiology (Boundless)
- 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
- 2: The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
- 3: Organization at the Cellular Level
- 4: Organization at the Tissue Level
- 5: Integumentary System
- 6: Skeletal System
- 7: Skeletal System - Parts of the Skeleton
- 8: Joints
- 9: Muscular System
- 10: Overview of the Nervous System
- 10.1: Introduction to the Nervous System
- 10.2: Neuroglia
- 10.3: Neurons
- 10.4: Collections of Nervous Tissue
- 10.5: Neurophysiology
- 10.5A: Principles of Electricity
- 10.5B: Ion Channels
- 10.5D: Membrane Potentials as Signals
- 10.5D: Resting Membrane Potentials
- 10.5E: The Action Potential and Propagation
- 10.5F: The Synapse
- 10.5G: Postsynaptic Potentials and Their Integration at the Synapse
- 10.5H: Synaptic Transmission
- 10.5I: Types of Neurotransmitters by Function
- 10.5J: Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors
- 10.5K: Serial and Parallel Processing
- 11: Central Nervous System
- 12: Peripheral Nervous System
- 12.10: Reflexes
- 12.11: Pain
- 12.1: Sensation
- 12.2: Sensory Receptors
- 12.3: The Somatosensory System
- 12.4: Nerves
- 12.5: Cranial Nerves
- 12.5A: Brief Overview of Cranial Nerves
- 12.5B: Olfactory (I) Nerve
- 12.5C: Optic (II) Nerve
- 12.5D: Oculomotor (III) Nerve
- 12.5E: Trochlear (IV) Nerve
- 12.5F: Trigeminal (V) Nerve
- 12.5G: Abducens (VI) Nerve
- 12.5H: Facial (VII) Nerve
- 12.5I: Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve
- 12.5J: Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve
- 12.5K: Vagus (X) Nerve
- 12.5L: Accessory (XI) Nerve
- 12.5M: Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
- 12.6: Spinal Nerves
- 12.7: Distribution of Spinal Nerves
- 12.8: Motor Activity
- 12.9: Motor Pathways
- 13: Special Senses
- 14: Autonomic Nervous System
- 15: Endocrine System
- 15.10: The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
- 15.11: The Pancreas
- 15.12: Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs
- 15.13: Stress
- 15.1: Overview of the Endocrine System
- 15.2: Hormones
- 15.3: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- 15.4: Hormone Interactions
- 15.5: Hormone Secretion Control
- 15.6: Endocrine Glands
- 15.7: The Pituitary Gland
- 15.8: The Thyroid Gland
- 15.9: The Parathyroid Glands
- 16: Cardiovascular System - Blood
- 17: Cardiovascular System: The Heart
- 18: Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
- 19: Lymphatic System
- 20: Immune System
- 21: Respiratory System
- 21.10: Respiration Control
- 21.11: Respiratory Adjustments
- 21.1: Overview of the Respiratory System
- 21.2: Conducting Zone
- 21.3: Respiratory Zone
- 21.4: The Lungs and Pleurae
- 21.5: Mechanics of Breathing
- 21.6: Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
- 21.7: Nonrespiratory Lung Functions
- 21.8: Gas Laws
- 21.9: Gas Exchange
- 22: Digestive System
- 22.1: Overview of the Digestive System
- 22.2: Nervous System of the Digestive System
- 22.3: The Peritoneum
- 22.4: The Alimentary Canal
- 22.5: Layers of the Alimentary Canal
- 22.7: The Liver
- 22.8: The Gallbladder
- 22.9: The Pancreas
- 22.10: The Small Intestine
- 22.11: The Large Intestine
- 22.12: Chemical Digestion
- 22.13: Absorption
- 22.14: Phases of Digestion
- 22.6: The Stomach
- 23: Nutrition and Metabolism
- 24: Urinary System
- 25: Body Fluids and Acid-Base Balance
- 26: The Reproductive System
- 27: Human Development and Pregnancy
- 27.10: Changes to the Mother's Body During Pregnancy
- 27.1: Overview of Pregnancy and Human Development
- 27.2: First Week of Development
- 27.3: Second Week of Development
- 27.4: Third Week of Development
- 27.5: Fourth Week of Development
- 27.6: Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development
- 27.7: Birth (Parturition)
- 27.8: Lactation
- 27.9: The Fetal Period
- 28: Reproduction, Chromosomes, and Meiosis
- 28.10: Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance
- 28.1: The Link Between Genotype and Phenotype
- 28.2: Inherited Variation
- 28.3: Chromosomal Behavior in Meiosis and Fertilization
- 28.4: DNA
- 28.5: Cell Division
- 28.6: Sources of Genetic Variation
- 28.7: Complex Inheritance Patterns
- 28.8: Patterns of Inheritance
- 28.9: Genetic Disequilibrium
- 30: APPENDIX B: Development and Aging of the Organ Systems
- 30.10: Development of the Heart
- 30.11: Development of Blood Vessels
- 30.12: Development of Lymphatic Tissues
- 30.13: Development of the Immune System
- 30.14: Development of the Respiratory System
- 30.15: Development of the Digestive System
- 30.16: Development of Metabolism
- 30.17: Development of Bodily Fluids
- 30.18: Development of the Reproductive System
- 30.1: Integumentary System Development
- 30.2: Bone Development
- 30.3: Development of the Skeleton
- 30.4: Joint Development
- 30.5: Muscle Development
- 30.6: Development of the Nervous System
- 30.7: Development of the Special Senses
- 30.8: Development of the Endocrine System
- 30.9: Development of Blood
- 29: APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Organ Systems
- 29.10: Circulatory Diseases and Disorders
- 29.11: Diseases and Disorders of the Immune System
- 29.12: Respiratory Diseases and Disorders
- 29.13: Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System
- 29.14: Diseases and Disorders of the Metabolism
- 29.15: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
- 29.16: Body Fluid-Related Diseases and Disorders
- 29.17: Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System
- 29.18: Pregnancy-Related Disorders
- 29.1: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Integumentary System
- 29.2: Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
- 29.3: Injuries and Disorders of the Skeleton
- 29.4: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Joints
- 29.5: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Muscular System
- 29.6: Injuries, Diseases, and Disorders of the Central Nervous System
- 29.7: Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
- 29.8: Blood Diseases and Disorders
- 29.9: Diseases and Disorders of the Heart
- Book: Anatomy and Physiology of Animals (Lawson)
- 1: Chemicals
- 2: Classifications
- 3: The Cell
- 3.2: The Cell
- 3.3: The Plasma Membrane
- 3.04: The Cytoplasm
- 3.05: The Nucleus
- 3.6: Cell Division
- 3.07: The Cell As A Factory
- 3.08: Summary
- 3.09: Worksheets
- 3.10: Plasma Membrane Worksheet
- 3.11: Plasma Membrane Worksheet Answers
- 3.12: Diffusion and Osmosis Worksheet 1
- 3.13: Diffusion and Osmosis Worksheet Answers
- 3.14: Diffusion and Osmosis Worksheet 2
- 3.15: Cell Division Worksheet
- 3.16: Cell Division Worksheet Answers
- 3.17: Diffusion and Osmosis Worksheet 2 Answers
- 3.18: Test Yourself
- 3.19: Websites
- 4: Body Organization
- 4.01: Objectives
- 4.2: The Organisation of Animal Bodies
- 4.03: Vertebrate Bodies
- 4.04: Body Cavities
- 4.05: Organs
- 4.06: Generalised Plan Of The Mammalian Body
- 4.07: Body Systems
- 4.08: Homeostasis
- 4.09: Directional Terms
- 4.10: Summary
- 4.11:Worksheets
- 4.12: Directional Terms 1 (Worksheet)
- 4.13:Directional Terms Worksheet 1 Answers
- 4.14: Directional Terms 2 (Worksheet)
- 4.15: Directional Terms Worksheet 2 Answers
- 4.16: Tissues Worksheet
- 4.17: Tissues Worksheet Answers
- 4.18: Test Yourself
- 4.19: Websites
- 4.21: Skin Worksheet Answers
- 5: The Skin
- 6: The Skeleton
- 6.02: The vertebral column
- 6.03: The Skull
- 6.04: The Ribs
- 6.05: The Forelimb
- 6.06: The Hindlimb
- 6.07: The Girdles
- 6.08: Categories of Bones
- 6.09: Bird Skeletons
- 6.10: The Structure of Long Bones
- 6.11: Compact bone
- 6.12: Spongy Bone
- 6.13: Bone Growth
- 6.14: Broken Bones
- 6.15: Joints
- 6.16: Common Names of Joints
- 6.17: Locomotion
- 6.18: Summary
- 6.19: Worksheet
- 6.1: Prelude
- 6.20: Skeleton Worksheet
- 6.21: Skeleton Worksheet Answers
- 6.22: Test Yourself
- 6.23: Websites
- 7: Muscles
- 8: Cardiovascular System
- 8.01: Blood Objectives
- 8.02: Plasma
- 8.03: Red Blood Cells
- 8.04: White Blood Cells
- 8.05: Platelets
- 8.06: Transport of Oxygen
- 8.07: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
- 8.08: Transport of Carbon Dioxide
- 8.09: Transport of Other Substances
- 8.10: Blood Clotting
- 8.11: Serum and Plasma
- 8.12: Anticoagulants
- 8.13: Haemolysis
- 8.14: Blood groups
- 8.15: Blood Volume
- 8.16: Summary
- 8.17: Test Yourself
- 8.18: Websites
- 8.19: Answers
- 8.20: The Heart Objectives
- 8.21: The Heart
- 8.22: Valves
- 8.23: The Heartbeat
- 8.24: Cardiac Muscle
- 8.25: Control of the Heartbeat
- 8.26: The Coronary Vessels
- 8.27: Blood Circulation Objectives
- 8.28: Blood Circulation
- 8.29: Arteries
- 8.30: The Pulse
- 8.31: Capillaries
- 8.32: The Formation of Tissue Fluid and Lymph
- 8.33: Veins
- 8.34: Regulation of Blood Flow
- 8.35: Edema and fluid loss
- 8.36: The Spleen
- 8.37: Important Blood Vessels
- 8.38: Blood Pressure
- 8.39: Summary
- 8.40: Test Yourself
- 8.41: Websites
- 8.42: Answers
- 9: Respiratory System
- 9.01: Objectives
- 9.02: Overview
- 9.03: Diffusion and Transportation of Oxygen
- 9.04: Diffusion and Transportation of Carbon Dioxide
- 9.05: The Air Passages
- 9.06: The Lungs and Pleural Cavities
- 9.07: Breathing
- 9.08: Summary
- 9.09: Worksheet
- 9.10: Respiratory System Worksheet
- 9.11: Respiration Worksheet Answers
- 9.12: Test Yourself
- 9.13: Websites
- 10: Lymphatic System
- 11: The Gut and Digestion
- 11.02: The Gut and Digestion
- 11.03: Herbivores
- 11.4: Carnivores
- 11.05: Omnivores
- 11.6: Treatment of Food
- 11.07: The Gut
- 11.08: Mouth
- 11.09: Teeth
- 11.10: Oesophagus
- 11.11: Stomach
- 11.12: Small Intestine
- 11.13: The Rumen
- 11.14: Large Intestine
- 11.15: Functional Caecum
- 11.16: The Gut Of Birds
- 11.17: Digestion
- 11.18: Pancreatic juice
- 11.19: Intestinal Juice
- 11.20: Absorption
- 11.21: The Liver
- 11.22: Summary
- 11.23: Worksheet
- 11.24: Digestive System Worksheet
- 11.25: Digestive System Answers
- 11.26: Test Yourself
- 11.27: Websites
- 12: Urinary System
- 12.01: Objectives
- 12.02: Homeostasis
- 12.03: Water in the Body
- 12.04: Maintaining Water Balance
- 12.05: Excretion
- 12.6: The Kidneys and Urinary System
- 12.07: Kidney Tubules or Nephrons
- 12.08: Water Balance In Fish And Marine Animals
- 12.09: Diabetes And The Kidney
- 12.10: Other Functions Of The Kidney
- 12.11: Normal Urine
- 12.12: Abnormal Ingredients Of Urine
- 12.13: Excretion In Birds
- 12.14: Summary
- 12.15: Worksheet
- 12.16: Excretory System Worksheet
- 12.17: Excretory System Answers
- 12.18: Test Yourself
- 12.19: Websites
- 13: Reproductive System
- 13.01: Objectives
- 13.2: Reproductive System
- 13.4: Sexual Reproduction in Mammals
- 13.05: The Male Reproductive Organs
- 13.06: The Female Reproductive Organs
- 13.07: Fertilisation and Implantation
- 13.08: Pregnancy
- 13.09: Birth
- 13.10: Milk Production
- 13.11: Reproduction In Birds
- 13.12: Summary
- 13.13: Reproductive System Worksheet
- 13.14: Reproductive System Worksheet Answers
- 13.15: Test Yourself
- 13.16: Websites
- 13.3: Fertilization
- 14: Nervous System
- 15: The Senses
- 16: Endocrine System
- 16.01: Objectives
- 16.02: The Endocrine System
- 16.03: Endocrine Glands and Hormones
- 16.4: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
- 16.5: The Pineal Gland
- 16.6: The Thyroid Gland
- 16.07: The Parathyroid Gland
- 16.08: The Adrenal Gland
- 16.09: The Pancreas
- 16.10: The Ovaries
- 16.11: The Testes
- 16.12: Summary
- 16.13: Homeostasis and Feedback Control
- 16.14: Summary of Homeostatic Mechanisms
- 16.15: Endocrine System (Worksheet)
- 16.16: Endocrine System Worksheet Answers
- 16.17: Test Yourself
- 16.18: Websites
- 17: Glossary
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Book: Introductory Animal Physiology (Hinić-Frlog)
- Book: Veterinary Histology (Martin, Meek, and Willebtry)
- 1: The Cell
- 2: Epithelium
- 3: Connective Tissue
- 04: Muscle
- 5: Bone
- 6: Cardiovascular System
- 7: Integument
- 7.10: Dermal Adnexa - Epitrichial (Apocrine) Glands and Eccrine Glands
- 7.11: Hypodermis (subcutis, subcutaneous tissue)
- 7.12: Specialized Anatomic Sites
- 7.1: Chapter 7: Integument
- 7.2: Keywords
- 7.3: Overview
- 7.4: Structure of the Epidermis
- 7.5: Physiology of the Epidermis
- 7.6: Additional Cells of the Epidermis
- 7.7: Structure of the Dermis
- 7.8: Dermal Adnexa - Follicles
- 7.9: Dermal Adnexa - Sebaceous Glands
- 8: Gastrointestinal System
- 8.10: Small intestine
- 8.11: Cecum and large intestine
- 8.1: Chatper 8: Gastrointestinal System
- 8.2: Keywords
- 8.3: Overview
- 8.4: Oral cavity
- 8.5: General histologic anatomy of the tubular digestive tract
- 8.6: Esophagus
- 8.7: Stomach
- 8.8: Stomach - Ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep, cervids)
- 8.9: Stomach - additional interspecies variations
- 9: Hepatobiliary System
- 10: Respiratory System
- 10.1: Chapter 10: Respiratory System
- 10.2: Keywords
- 10.3: Overview
- 10.4: Air conduction: Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses, and Vomeronasal Organ
- 10.5: Air conduction: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Bronchioles
- 10.6: Air conduction: Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles and Alveolar ducts
- 10.7: Gas exchange: Alveoli
- 10.8: Pleura
- 10.9: Pulmonary blood supply
- 11: Urinary system
- 11.10: Papillary ducts
- 11.11: The renal interstitium
- 11.12: The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- 11.13: Renal blood supply
- 11.14: Urine elimination
- 11.1: Chapter 11: Urinary system
- 11.2: Keywords
- 11.3: Overview and Anatomy
- 11.4: The Glomerulus
- 11.5: Renal tubules: Mechanisms of reabsorption
- 11.6: Proximal tubules
- 11.7: Loop of Henle
- 11.8: Distal convoluted tubule
- 11.9: Collecting ducts
- 12: Male Reproductive System
- 13: Female Reproductive System
- 13.10: Avian female reproductive tract
- 13.11: The mammary gland
- 13.1: Chapter 13: Female Reproductive System
- 13.2: Keywords
- 13.3: Overview
- 13.4: Gonadal development
- 13.5: Development of tubular genitalia
- 13.6: The ovary
- 13.7: Female tubular genitalia
- 13.8: Female genital ligaments
- 13.9: Female external genitalia
- 14: The Eye
- 15: Epilogue and Acknowledgements
- 4: Muscle
Sun, 14 Oct 2018 19:12:28 GMT
Anatomy and Physiology
Thumbnail: Anatomy of the Human Body. Image used with permission (Public Domain).Computer Generated Cross Section 3d Model of Heart (DrJanaOfficial).