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19.6: Key Terms

  • Page ID
    105737
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    active transport
    involves moving solutes and ions across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
    anasarca
    severe and generalized edema throughout the body
    BUN to creatinine ratio
    a comparison of BUN to creatinine to determine if alterations in BUN and creatinine are related to changes in fluid volume or kidney filtration
    Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
    a urinary tract infection that develops directly related to the presence of an IUC
    dialysis
    procedure to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys cannot
    diffusion
    the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to equalize the concentration of solutes throughout an area
    edema
    swelling caused by excessive buildup of fluid in tissue spaces or a body cavity
    enophthalmos
    sunken eyes
    extracellular fluid (ECF)
    fluid located outside of cells
    filtration
    occurs when hydrostatic pressure pushes fluids and solutes through a permeable membrane so they can be excreted
    fluid balance
    the difference between intake and output
    fluid volume deficit (FVD)
    results from a loss of body fluids or fluid that becomes unavailable in the body for use
    fluid volume excess (FVE)
    increased fluid retained in the intravascular compartment
    functional urinary incontinence
    the inability to access a toilet due to physical or cognitive challenges
    homeostasis
    the maintenance of equilibrium of two or more interdependent elements
    hypercalcemia
    serum calcium level >10.5 mg/dL
    hyperchloremia
    serum chloride level >105 mEq/L
    hyperkalemia
    serum potassium level > 5.1 mEq/L
    hypermagnesemia
    magnesium level >2.2 mg/dL
    hyperphosphatemia
    phosphate level >4.8 mg/dL
    hypertonic solution
    has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than does blood
    hypervolemia
    excessive fluid volume
    hypocalcemia
    total serum calcium level <8.5 mg/dL or an ionized calcium level <4.6 mg/dL
    hypochloremia
    serum chloride level <97 mEq/L
    hypokalemia
    serum potassium level <3.7 mEq/L
    hypomagnesemia
    serum magnesium level <1.7 mg/dL
    hyponatremia
    serum sodium level of <136 mEq/L
    hypophosphatemia
    serum phosphate level <2.5 mg/dL.
    hypotonic hyponatremia
    serum sodium level is decreased due to dilution
    hypotonic solution
    has a lower concentration of dissolved solutes than does blood
    hypovolemia
    deficient fluid volume
    indwelling urinary catheter (IUC)
    a urinary catheter that stays in the bladder for a time
    intermittent catheterization
    used for the temporary relief of urinary retention
    interstitial fluid
    fluid outside of blood vessels and between the cells
    intracellular fluid (ICF)
    found inside cells; comprise protein, water, electrolytes, and solutes
    intravascular fluid
    fluid in the vascular system
    isotonic solution
    has a similar concentration of dissolved particles as blood
    mixed urinary incontinence
    two or more types of urinary incontinence that occur in the same individual
    oncotic pressure
    pressure inside the vascular compartment created by protein content of the blood (in the form of albumin) that holds water inside the blood vessels
    orthostatic vital signs (also known as postural vital signs)
    assessing a patient’s blood pressure when the patient is lying supine and comparing it to the patient’s blood pressure when either sitting upright or standing upright
    osmolality
    a measure of the concentration of dissolved solutes in the blood
    osmosis
    water movement through a semipermeable membrane, from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration, in an attempt to equalize the solute concentrations on either side of the membrane
    overflow incontinence
    when bladder contraction fails to fully empty the bladder and urine leaks due to the high pressure from urine retention
    peritoneal dialysis
    uses the capillaries in the peritoneal cavity to exchange waste products
    post-void residual (PVD)
    determined by assessing the amount of urine that remains in the bladder immediately after the patient attempts to empty their bladder
    skin turgor
    the elasticity of the skin assessed by pinching the skin into a tent shape and assessing how quickly the skin returns to its normal position
    solute
    soluble particle
    stress incontinence
    urine leakage during times of increased intrabdominal pressure
    third spacing
    type of hypovolemia in which total body fluid may be adequate or even excessive, but fluid has moved out of the intravascular space and into the interstitial space
    tonicity
    the osmotic gradient between two solutions
    transcellular fluid
    fluid in cerebrospinal, synovial, and intrapleural areas, for example, and the gastrointestinal system
    urge incontinence
    an overactive bladder that contracts and causes urine leakage when the bladder is not full
    urinary incontinence (UI)
    unintentional and uncontrollable urine leakage
    urine specific gravity
    a urine test that commonly measures hydration status by measuring the concentration of particles in urine

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