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10.6: Key Terms

Last updated

Feb 13, 2025
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- 10.5: Summary
- 10.7: Assessments

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acid: byproduct of many metabolic processes in the body and forms hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water

acidosis: condition involving excessive levels of acids in the body

alkalosis: condition involving excessive levels of bases in the body

arterial blood gas: procedure in which blood is obtained from an arterial catheter or direct puncture and then analyzed to determine oxygenation status

ascites: fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity

baroreceptors: specialized nerve cells that can detect the “stretch” (i.e., the level of vasoconstriction) of vessels, which reflects blood pressure

base: forms hydroxide (OH⁻) ions when dissolved in water

Chvostek’s sign: involuntary twitching of facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped; a classic sign of acute hypocalcemia

edema: swelling in the dependent tissues and extremities related to fluid accumulation in the interstitial space

electrolytes: ions dissolved in body fluid that play important roles in most physiological functions and assist in maintaining homeostasis

hydrostatic pressure: force exerted by a fluid against a wall, causing the movement of fluid between compartments

hypercalcemia: increased level of calcium in the blood

hypercapnia: elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood

hyperchloremia: increased level of chloride in the blood

hyperkalemia: increased level of potassium in the blood

hypermagnesemia: increased level of magnesium in the blood

hypernatremia: increased level of sodium in the blood

hyperphosphatemia: increased level of phosphorus in the blood

hypertonic: describes a solution that contains more dissolved solutes than blood contains

hypervolemia: a state that occurs when an increased amount of fluid is retained in the intravascular compartment, resulting in an excess volume of fluid

hypocalcemia: decreased levels of calcium in the blood

hypochloremia: decreased level of chloride in the blood

hypokalemia: decreased level of potassium in the blood

hypomagnesemia: decreased level of magnesium in the blood

hyponatremia: decreased level of sodium in the blood

hypophosphatemia: decreased level of phosphorus in the blood

hypothalamus: structure in the brain that acts as a control center for the endocrine system

hypotonic: describes a solution that contains fewer dissolved solutes than blood contains

hypovolemia: state that occurs when fluid loss is greater than fluid intake, resulting in a deficient volume of fluid

hypovolemic shock: life-threatening medical condition in which the heart cannot get enough blood and oxygen to body tissues due to a severe intravascular fluid deficit

isotonic: describes a solution that contains the same number of dissolved solutes compared with blood

metabolic acidosis: condition resulting from an accumulation of acids and a deficiency of bases in the bloodstream

metabolic alkalosis: condition resulting from an accumulation of bases and a deficiency of acids in the bloodstream

oncotic pressure: pressure created by colloid in a fluid; prevents the movement of water from one solution to another

osmolarity: solute concentration of the blood

osmoreceptors: specialized cells in the hypothalamus that are particularly sensitive to the concentration of sodium ions and other solutes

osmosis: movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration

osmotic demyelination syndrome: brain cell dysfunction that results from osmotic changes, often due to rapid correction of hyponatremia

osmotic pressure: the pressure exerted by plasma proteins (e.g., albumin), acting as a pulling force to keep fluids inside blood vessels

pH: value that explains how much hydrogen is contained within a liquid and the activity of the hydrogen ion

pulmonary edema: life-threatening condition in which the respiratory system no longer functions effectively due to excessive fluid accumulation in the lungs

respiratory acidosis: condition that develops when carbon dioxide builds up in the body, causing the blood to become increasingly acidic

respiratory alkalosis: condition that develops when the body removes too much carbon dioxide through respiration, resulting in increased pH and an alkalotic state

solute: substance dissolved in another substance

tetany: involuntary contraction of muscles that is often related to hypocalcemia and leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms, and hyperactive reflexes

tonicity: composition and concentration of dissolved solutes in a solution

Trousseau’s sign: hand spasm caused by inflating a blood pressure cuff to a level above systolic pressure for 3 minutes; a classic sign of acute hypocalcemia

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