12: Cardiovascular System
- Page ID
- 111155
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 12.0: Introduction
- This page discusses the importance of monitoring patients with cardiovascular disease as part of cardiac rehabilitation, focusing on both inpatient and outpatient care. It highlights the synergy between oxygenation and perfusion in ensuring optimal blood flow to tissues and explores common cardiovascular diseases encountered in medical-surgical settings. The chapter covers preventive strategies and risk factors, emphasizing a foundational understanding of cardiovascular physiology.
- 12.1: Cardiovascular Overview
- This section provides a comprehensive overview of the cardiovascular system, focusing on the anatomy and physiology of the heart, its chambers, valves, arteries, veins, and cardiac muscle. It explains how these structures function together to maintain cardiovascular health. Key concepts like cardiac output, stroke volume, preload, and afterload are defined, with emphasis on their roles in the heart's mechanical and physiological processes.
- 12.2: Dysrhythmia
- The section discusses the anatomical and physiological functions of the cardiac electrical system and compares pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing care of various cardiac dysrhythmias, including bradycardic, tachycardic, ectopic beats, heart blocks, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
- 12.3: Heart Failure
- This section provides an overview of heart failure (HF), focusing on its pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. It highlights diagnostics, laboratory values, and the importance of applying nursing concepts and planning nursing care for patients with HF. The page also discusses medical therapies, emphasizing pharmacological agents such as beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and nitrates.
- 12.4: Hypertension
- This page provides an overview of hypertension covering various aspects such as pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and laboratory values. It also delves into nursing care and medical therapies, emphasizing patient education and adherence to treatment guidelines, specifically the Joint National Committee (JNC 8) guidelines.
- 12.5: Myocardial Infarction
- This section provides comprehensive learning objectives aiming to equip learners with an understanding of myocardial infarction (MI), from its pathophysiology to treatment. It covers the clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and laboratory values associated with MI. Nursing care, both immediate and post-recovery, is detailed alongside evaluating care efficacy and patient response to medical therapies. The impact of socio-demographic factors on coronary heart disease prevalence is also discussed.
- 12.6: Vascular Disorders
- This section outlines the objectives and critical components of learning about vascular disease, specifically focusing on carotid artery disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). It covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and nursing care approaches.
- 12.8: Summary
- The page provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, detailing the mechanisms and treatments related to coronary perfusion, cardiac output, dysrhythmias, heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, vascular disorders, and peripheral vascular disease. It emphasizes the importance of understanding cardiac function, managing symptoms, and implementing interventions like lifestyle changes and medications to improve patient outcomes.
- 12.9: Key Terms
- The page provides definitions and descriptions of various cardiovascular diseases, medical terms, and procedures. It covers topics such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute coronary syndrome, aneurysm, angina, arteriosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure, coronary artery bypass graft, ejection fraction, infarction, ischemia, left and right-sided heart failure, hypertension, heart blocks, stroke volume, and more.
- 12.11: References
- The page provides a comprehensive list of references related to cardiovascular research, detailing publications from various journals, healthcare organizations, and health foundations. Topics range from peripheral artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and vascular surgery to racial inequities in heart disease treatment, with contributions from entities like the American Heart Association, Mayo Clinic, and CDC.