19.9: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 111438
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- amenorrhea
- cessation of the menstrual period
- anorexia nervosa
- eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise
- appendectomy
- surgical removal of the appendix
- appendicitis
- inflammation of the appendix
- bariatrics
- branch of medicine that researches and treats obesity
- Barrett’s esophagus
- condition in which the cells that line the esophagus change and become more like intestinal cells
- body dysmorphia
- mental illness characterized by constant worrying over a perceived or slight defect in appearance
- body mass index (BMI)
- measurement calculated by dividing weight by height, using the formula kg/m2
- calorie-dense
- foods that have more calories per unit mass than do carbohydrates or proteins
- cariogenic bacteria
- those that cause tooth decay
- celiac disease
- autoimmune disorder that is triggered by gluten ingestion, which causes damage to the small intestine
- cholecystitis
- inflammation of the gallbladder
- choledocholithiasis
- occlusion of the common bile duct
- cholelithiasis
- gallbladder stone
- chyme
- food bolus in the stomach that has been broken down and mixed with acidic gastric juices
- cirrhosis
- severe scarring of the liver
- colorectal cancer
- cancer with an origin in the colon or rectal tissue
- colostomy
- colon is attached to a stoma to bypass the rectum and the anus
- colostomy irrigation
- way to help train the colon to empty at a regular time each day
- Crohn’s disease
- inflammation that can occur in multiple layers of the bowel in any segment of the GI tract
- dental caries
- one of the most common chronic oral cavity diseases, it is the breakdown or demineralization of tooth enamel
- diverticula
- sac-like protrusions on the walls of the large intestine
- diverticular disease
- symptomatic diverticulosis
- diverticulitis
- inflammation of the diverticula
- diverticulosis
- asymptomatic presence of diverticula on the walls of the large intestine
- enteral nutrition (EN)
- nutrition provided directly into the GI tract through an enteral tube that bypasses the oral cavity
- fecal impaction
- blockage that occurs when stool accumulates in the rectum, usually due to the patient not feeling the presence of stool or not using the toilet when the urge is felt
- fistula
- hole in the wall of the intestine
- gastric cancer
- stomach cancer; cancer that has an origin in the stomach
- gastric residual volume (GRV)
- volume of stomach contents
- gastritis
- inflammation and redness of the lining of the stomach
- ghrelin
- hormone that makes one feel hungry
- gluten
- protein found in the wheat plant and other grains such as barley and rye
- gynecomastia
- enlarged breast tissue in men and boys
- hematochezia
- passage of fresh blood in stool
- hepatorenal syndrome
- kidney dysfunction in patients with advanced liver disease
- ileostomy
- lower end of the small intestine (ileum) is attached to a stoma to bypass the colon, rectum, and anus
- immunomodulatory therapy
- medications that change the body’s immune response
- inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- chronic inflammation of the GI tract
- intestinal obstruction
- partial or complete blockage of the intestines so that contents of the intestine cannot pass through
- intravenous fat emulsion
- IV administration of fat; commonly used with parenteral nutrition
- irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- disorder of the large intestine that causes changes in bowel movements and abdominal pain
- leptin
- hormone that makes one feel full
- liver disease
- any condition that causes damage to the liver and prevents it from properly functioning
- malabsorption
- occurs when the GI tract is unable to properly absorb nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, or trace elements
- mastication
- chewing food
- metastasis
- secondary malignant growths in other parts of the body
- microbiome
- all microorganisms in the GI tract
- Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Score
- used to predict survival of patients with cirrhosis, and a tool used to prioritize organ allocation for liver transplantation
- nonviral hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver caused by exposure to drugs, alcohol, toxins, or autoimmune disease
- obesity
- abnormal or excess fat accumulation and a state of malnutrition by excess characterized as having a BMI of 30 or greater
- odynophagia
- painful swallowing
- ostomy
- surgical opening in the abdomen for the expulsion of stool into a bag-like appliance
- pancreatitis
- inflammation of the pancreas
- paralytic ileus
- condition in which peristalsis is not propelling the contents through the intestines
- parenteral nutrition
- concentrated IV solution containing glucose, amino acids, minerals, electrolytes, and vitamins
- peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
- defect in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
- peristalsis
- coordinated muscle movements in the esophagus
- plaque
- sticky film on the teeth made up of leftover food particles and bacteria
- pneumothorax
- collapsed lung
- portal hypertension
- increase in pressure within the portal venous system
- proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
- medication that binds to the hydrogen-potassium ATPase enzyme system of the parietal cell, thereby pumping hydrogen ions into the stomach
- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
- weight loss surgery that involves bypassing the duodenum to connect the gastric pouch to the lower segment of the small intestine
- Rovsing sign
- palpation of the left lower quadrant worsens right lower quadrant pain
- sclera
- whites of the eyes
- skip lesion
- patchy area of inflammation that skip over some areas
- steatorrhea
- fatty stool
- stoma
- opening on the abdomen that is connected to the gastrointestinal system to allow waste to be collected in a pouch
- testicular atrophy
- testis reduced in size
- testicular hypotrophy
- enlarged testis
- total parental nutrition (TPN)
- parenteral nutrition that includes IV fat emulsions and is considered complete nutrition
- toxic megacolon
- nonobstructive dilation of the colon that is associated with systemic toxicity
- ulcerative colitis
- inflammation that occurs only in the inner most wall of the large intestine and colon
- varices
- abnormal dilation of the veins
- vertical sleeve gastrectomy
- weight loss surgery in which a portion of the stomach is removed and the size of the stomach is reduced to 3 to 4 ounces
- villi
- small, finger-like cells that absorb nutrients
- viral hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
- visceral fat
- abdominal fat