23.6: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 111502
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- absolute hypovolemia
- loss of blood that is visible
- cardiopulmonary pressure
- normal range is 11–20 mmHg; elevated ranges result in pulmonary hypertension
- central venous pressure (CVP)
- measure of the adequacy of blood volume within the vascular system; normal range is 8–12 mmHg
- citrate toxicity
- condition caused by the accumulation of citrate, which binds to calcium in the body, causing hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
- compensatory stage
- second stage of shock, characterized by a noticeable drop in blood pressure and causes stimulation of baroreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies
- D-dimer
- simple blood test that can help the health-care provider determine if a blood clotting condition is present
- dilutional coagulopathy
- disruption of normal clotting mechanisms following the replacement of blood with fluids that do not contain adequate coagulation factors
- hemodynamics
- study of blood flow and the relevant body structures
- hypermetabolic state
- situation that occurs in response to injury and is characterized by increased blood pressure and heart rate, peripheral insulin resistance, and increased protein and lipid catabolism
- initial stage
- first stage of shock, when the body responds to hypotension with stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- inotropic drug
- medication that increase cardiac contractility
- mean arterial pressure (MAP)
- average arterial pressure through one cardiac cycle; normally 70–100 mmHg
- multiorgan failure (MOF)
- failure of several organs at the same time, usually as the result of shock; also called multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
- neurogenic shock
- distributive type of shock resulting in hypotension (low blood pressure), often with bradycardia (slowed heart rate), caused by disruption of autonomic nervous system pathways
- progressive stage
- third stage of shock, when profoundly decreased cellular perfusion results in a significant increase of capillary permeability, causing protein and fluid to leak out of the vascular system into the interstitial space
- pulmonary artery catheter
- central venous catheter used to measure cardiopulmonary pressure
- refractory stage
- final stage of shock, characterized by extreme dysfunction of cellular processes in multiple body systems
- relative hypovolemia
- volume adjustment within the body from the vascular space to the interstitial space
- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
- critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and blood vessel tone
- sepsis
- overreaction of the immune system to infection
- septic shock
- condition of low blood pressure (despite adequate intravenous fluid administration), decreased blood flow to cells, and formation of blood clots in vessels, leading to organ damage, organ failure, and, ultimately, death
- severe sepsis
- sepsis that results in organ malfunction
- shock
- state of inadequate cellular perfusion, leading to hypoxia and cell death
- spinal shock
- altered physiologic state immediately after spinal cord injury, resulting in flaccid paralysis, anesthesia, absent bowel bladder control, and loss of reflex activity below the level of the injury; normal function may return if the spinal shock resolves
- vasopressor
- member of a class of drugs that induces vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure
- volume resuscitation
- administration of fluids to compensate for insufficient intravascular fluid volume